Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1

"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Laureate

A Super-Glossary 
for Words, Terms and Basic Concepts Used in the Book

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 O

O-site: an empty or vacant site.

Occam's razor: a scientific and philosophic rule that the simplest of competing theories be preferred over the more complex or that explanation of unknown be first sought among the known.

occlusion: the act or state of being occluded To occlude means to shut off, block or plug up.

occlusion water: name introduced by Bungenberg de long to describe water filling the space in wads of interweaving protein chains.

oedema: same as edema.

(upward-oriented) OH group: In the perspective representation of Hayworth modified by Pigman, the D-glucose molecule is shown lying on a plane so that the edge of the molecular formula closest to the observer appears as the bottom line of a hexagon with the oxygen atom occupying one comer. Counting from that oxygen atom in a clockwise direction, are the first carbon (C1), the second carbon (C2) and so on in that order. In the D-glucose molecule, the OH group on the third carbon atom (С3) is oriented upward.

oil potential: the electrical potential difference measured across a layer of oil.

(olive) oil-water distribution coefficient: the equilibrium distribution coefficient of a chemical substance between an olive-oil phase and water phase.

one-dimensional Ising model: a rigorous statistical mechanical treatment of order-disorder transition in one-dimensional crystals introduced by E. Ising in 1925353.

one-on-one, close-contact adsorption: an adsorption, in which the adsorbing site and the adsorbed molecule or ion are in close steady contact and are stoichiometric, i.e., following the law of definite proportion: one monovalent ion on one monovalent anionic site.

oocyte, ovarian egg: an egg before maturation and still in the ovary Mature frog oocytes are big single cells measuring 1 mm or more in diameter.

oppositely-oriented water dipoles: The asymmetric position of the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule endows the water with a permanent dipole moment. If the positive end of such a water dipole is placed next to the negative end of a neighboring water molecule, they constitute what may be called a pair of oppositely oriented water dipoles.

ordinate: To French mathematician and philosopher, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is commonly given the credit for introducing analytical geometry. In this system the location of a point in a plane (or space) is determined by distances measured respectively along two (or three) Cartesian coordinates from their point of intersection. Of these, the vertical or у coordinate is conventionally referred to as the ordinate while the horizontal of x coordinate is referred to as abscissa.

organelles: See subcellular particles.

organic phosphates: important organic phosphates in living cells include adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine or creatine phosphate (CrP) and various phosphate intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism including glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphos-phate etc.

orientation: the act or state of being positioned at a specific spatial relationship to a fixed object.

osmometer: a device comprising aqueous solution of an osmotically active free solute separated by a semipermeable membrane from a similar solution containing the same solute but at a lower concentration exerting an osmotic pressure equal to that predicted by the van Hoff equation (Equation 1).

osmotic activity: The osmotic pressure is directly related to the partial vapor pressure (Equation 2). Osmotic activity of a dissolved substance is the activity of that solute in lowering the partial vapor pressure of the water in which it is dissolved.

osmosis: the passage of the solvent (e.g., water) from one enclosed phase like a living cell to an adjoining phase or vice versa.

osmotic pressure: the mechanical pressure that must be applied to the phase containing a higher concentration of osmotically active solute (e.g., sucrose) to prevent a gain in the amount of the solvent (e.g., water) in that phase.

osmotically active: A substance is considered as osmotically active if a concentrated solution of that substance enclosed in a semipermeable membrane draws water from another contiguous phase containing either pure water or a solution of the same substance but at a lower concentration.

ouabain: a cardiac glycoside with exceptionally high solubility in water.

ovarian egg: an egg that has not yet been discharged from and thus remains in the ovary.

oxidation: the act or process of oxidizing.

oxidation-reduction potential (standard oxidation-reduction potential): the potential established at an inert electrode when dipped into a solution containing equimolar amount of an ion or molecule in two states of oxidation.

oxidative activity: an activity that removes electrons from an atom, ion or molecule.

oxidize: to remove one or more electrons from (an atom, ion or molecule).

oxidized collodion-coated glass electrode: a glass electrode covered with a layer of collodion that has been oxidized by exposure to HBr or NaOH, thereby endowing the electrode surface with fixed carboxyl groups.

oxyacid: an acid whose functional group contains negatively charged oxygen atoms, e.g., carboxyl group of acetic acid.

oxygen tension: partial pressure of oxygen (in the surrounding environment) equivalent to the concentration of oxygen in the system.

oxygenated state: Hemoglobin can exist in two states: an oxygenated state in which oxygen molecules adsorb on the four heme sites; a deoxygenated state in which the oxygen molecules are removed.

Разделы книги
"Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology":

Contents (PDF 218 Kb)
Preface (
PDF 155 Kb)
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!) (
PDF 120 Kb)
Introduction

1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology
3. How the Membrane Theory Began
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist
7. Legacy of the Nearly Forgotten Pioneers
8. Aftermath of the Rout
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents
16. Summary Plus
17. Epilogue 

A Super-Glossary

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures, Tables and Equations
References (
PDF 193 Kb)
Subject Index
About the Author

A Super-Glossary
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