1.2. The Cell Theory and the
Protoplasmic Doctrine
1.2.1.
Gelatin as a Model of Protoplasm
1.2.2. Copper Ferrocyanide Gel as a Model
of Plasma Membrane
1.3. The
Membrane Theory
1.4. The
Protoplasmic Theory and Colloid Chemistry
Chapter
2. The Membrane-Pump Theory
2.1. The
Origin of the Membrane-Pump Hypothesis
2.2. The
Excessive Energy Need of the Na Pump; A
Decisive Disproof
2.2.1. The Effects of
Metabolic Inhibition on Cell Na+
2.2.2. The Original Calculations
Comparing the Minimum Energy Need
of the Postulated Na Pump with the
Maximum Available Energy
2.2.3. Gross Underestimation of the
Disparity Between Maximum
Available and Minimum Needed Energy for
the Na Pump
2.2.4. Remedial Postulations to Reduce
the Energy Need of the Na Pump
2.2.5. Many More Pumps Required at the
Plasma Membrane
2.2.6. Still More Pumps Required at the
Membranes of Subcellular Particles
2.3. The
Failure to Demonstrate Pumping of K+
and Na+ Against Concentration
Gradients in an Ideal Cytoplasm-Free
Membrane-Sac Preparation
2.4.
Evidence Once Considered to Strongly
Support the Membrane-Pump Hypothesis
Shown to be Erroneous or Equivocal
2.4.1. Intracellular K+
Mobility
2.4.2. Intracellular K+
Activity
2.4.3. The Intracellular "Reference
Phase" Studies
2.4.4. Active Transports in Hollow
Membrane Sacs or Vesicles
2.5.
Summary
Chapter
3. The Living State
3.1. The
Story of the Living Cell: A System of
Protein-Water-K+ Interacting
with
an Environment of Water and Na+
3.2. A
Discrete High-(Negative)-Energy,
Low-Entropy State Called the Living State
3.3. A
Diagram of the Living Cell
Chapter
4. Cell Potassium
4.1.
Enhanced Counterion Association with
Charge-fixation
4.2.
Stoichiometric Na+ (and K+)
Adsorption on Protein beta- and
gamma-Carboxyl
Groups in Vitro
4.3.
Demonstration of a Stoichiometric
Relation Between Concentration of Cell K+
and the Concentration of Cytoplasmic
Proteins, Primarily Hemoglobin
4.4.
Adsorption of Cell K+ on beta-
and gamma-Carboxyl Groups of Cytoplasmic
Proteins
4.4.1. Localized
Distribution of K+ in Cell
Regions rich in beta- and gamma-Carboxyl
Groups
4.4.2. The Selectivity in Adsorption
Among Tl+, Cs+ and
Other Ions Not Due to
Functional Cell Membrane and Postulated
Pumps
4.4.3. Demonstration of Specific
Adsorption of Alkali-Metal Ions on the
beta- and
gamma-Carboxyl Groups Inside Living Cells
4.4.4. Evidence that in Living Muscle
Cells beta- and gamma-Carboxyl Groups
Carried by Myosin and Maintained at the
Resting Living State Selectively Adsorb K+
Over Na+ 4.4.5. Summary
Chapter
5. Cell Water
5.1. The
Physics of Multilayer Adsorption of Water
5.2. The
Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
and Results of Experimental
Testing
5.2.1. Background
5.2.2. The Polarized-Multilayer (PM)
Theory of Cell Water
5.2.3. The Subsidiary Hypothesis of
Solute Exclusion
5.2.4. Predictions of the
Polarized-Multilayer (PM) Theory
5.2.5. Results of Experimental Testing of
the Predictions of the PM Theory
5.3
Summary
Chapter
6. Induction
6.1. The
Inductive Effect in the Properties and
Behaviors of Small Organic Molecules
6.2. The
Inductive Effect in the Properties and
Behaviors of Proteins
6.2.1. Inductive
Effect on Protein Conformation and Water
Polarization
6.2.2. Inductive Effect on the Reactivity
of Side-Chain SH Groups
6.2.3. Inductive Effect on the
Fluorescence of Tyrosine and Tryptophane
Residues
6.2.4 Inductive Effect on the Rank Order
of Selective Ion Adsorption on beta- and
gamma-Carboxyl Groups
6.3.
Summary
Chapter
7. Coherent Behavior and Control
Mechanisms
7.1.
Theory of Cooperative Adsorption (the
Yang-Ling Cooperative Adsorption
Isotherm)
7.2.
Experimental Findings in Harmony with the
Theory of Spontaneous
Autocooperative Transition
7.2.1. Cooperative
Interaction Among Backbone NHCO Sites
7.2.2. Cooperative Interaction Among
beta- and gamma-Carboxyl Groups
7.3.
Theory of the Control of Transition
Between Discrete Cooperative States by
Cardinal Adsorbents
7.3.1. A Sketch of the
Basic Concepts
7.3.2. The Definition and Classification
of Cardinal Adsorbents
7.3.3. A Model Demonstrating How a
Cardinal Adsorbent May Initiate and
Maintain an All-or-None Change of a
Protein System
7.4.
Experimental Findings in Harmony with the
Theory of Controlled
Autocooperative Transition
7.4.1. Allosteric
Control by Acid of the Shift Between
Water Binding to Urea
Binding on Bovine Serum Albumin
7.4.2. Zipper-Like Unmasking of Carboxyl
Groups in Response to Acid Binding
onto "Trigger Groups" on Ferri-
and Carboxyhemoglobin
7.4.3. In Vitro Allosteric Control of
Cooperative Binding of Oxygen on
Hemoglobin by 2,3-DPG, IHP, and ATP
7.5.
Summary
Chapter
8. Solute Distribution
8.1.
Solute Distribution in Living Cells
8.1.1. Solute
Primarily in Cell Water
8.1.2. Solute in Cell Water and on
Adsorption Sites
8.1.3. Solute Primarily on Adsorption
Sites
8.2.
Cooperativity in Adsorption in Living
Cells
8.3.
Control of Cooperative Adsorption and
Transition
8.3.1. Control by Ca++
8.3.2. Control By Ouabain
8.3.3. The Indifference of the q-values
of Large Solutes in Cell Water after
Exposure to Insulin, Ouabain and Other
Secondary Cardinal Adsorbents
8.4. The
Role of ATP in Maintenance of the Living
State and in Work Performance
8.4.1. ATP as a
Reservoir of Utilizable Energy: the
Attractive but Incorrect
High Energy Phosphate Bond Concept
8.4.2. ATP as the Prime
Living-State-Conserving Cardinal
Adsorbent and its Role
in Work Performance
8.4.3. Experimental Confirmation of Some
Predictions of the Theory
8.4.4. In-Vitro Demonstration of the
Maintenance of the Living State by ATP
(and Its "Helpers")
8.5.
Summary
Chapter
9. Permeability to Water, Ions,
Nonelectrolytes,
and Macromolecules
9.1. The
Lipoidal Membrane Model in the Past and
the Present
9.1.1. Overton's
Original Model
9.1.2. Subsequent Modifications of the
Overton Model
9.1.3 Overton's Lipid-Layer Model Once
Again
9.2. The
Cell Membrane as a
Lipid-Protein-Polarized-Water System
9.2.1. Permeability to
Water and Nonelectrolytes
9.2.2. Permeability to Ions and its
Control
9.3.
Summary
Chapter
10. Cell Volume and Shape
10.1. Cell
Volume Maintenance and Regulation
According to Traditional Hypothesis
10.2. Cell
Volume Maintenance and Regulation
According to the AI Hypothesis
10.2.1. A New Theory
of Cell-Volume Maintenance
10.2.2. The Restraining Effect of
Intracellular Salt Linkages in the
Maintenance
of Cell Volume, and Specific Swelling
Effects of Some Electrolytes
10.2.3. Cytoplasmic Proteins and their
Conformation in the Determination and
control of Cell Shape
10.2.4. The Role of ATP in the Control of
Cell Volume
10.2.5. The Role of ATP in the Control of
Cell Shape
10.3
Summary
Chapter
11. Cellular Electrical Potentials
11.1.
Bernsleins Membrane Theory of Resting and
Action Potentials
11.2. The
Ionic Theory of Resting and Action
Potential of Hodgkin and Katz
11.2.1. Theory
11.2.2. Results of Experimental Testing
11.2.3 Modifications of Theory
11.2.4. Decisive Evidence Against Both
the Original Ionic Theory and its
Modifications
11.3. The
Surface-Adsorption (SA) Theory of
Cellular Resting and Action Potential
11.3.1. Theory
11.3.2. Results of Experimental Testing
11.4.
Control of the Resting Potential
According to SA Theory
11.4.1. Theory
11.4.2. Results of Experimental Testing
of Theory and Other Related Observations
11.5.
Action Potential According to
Hodgkin-Huxley and According to AI
Hypothesis
11.5.1. The
Hodgkin-Huxley Analyses and
Interpretation of the Action Potential
11.5.2. Action Potential According to the
AI Hypothesisand Experimental
Findings in Harmony with the Theory
11.6.
Summary
Chapter
12. The Completion of a Scientific
Revolution and
Events Beyond
12.1.
Definitions of "Scientific
Revolution"
12.2. A
Unique Feature of the Scientific Method
as Applied to Cell Physiology
12.3.
Outlines of Old and New Theory
12.3.1. The
Membrane-Pump Theory
12.3.2. The Association-Induction (AI)
Hypothesis
12.4.
Results of Testing of Theoretical
Postulates on Inanimate Models
12.5. The Fulfillment of All the
Required Criteria for the Completion of a
Scientific Revolution
12.6.
Outstanding Features of a Valid New
Theory
12.6.1. Expanding
Coverage
12.6.2. Simplicity in Governing Rules
12.6.3. Predicting New Relations
