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E. coli: short for Escherichia coli.
ξ-amino group: the amino group carried on the side chain of the lysine molecule (or residue in a protein) attached to the fifth or e-carbon atom counting from the carboxyl group.
Ebola: a new deadly virus Named after a little river in Africa flowing through the region where the disease caused by this virus was first discovered As much as 80% to 90% of the infected victims
died from intense bleeding. The disease is highly infectious and apparently
transmitted through direct contact with the victim's body fluids.
ectoplasm: the outer relatively rigid and granule-free part of the cytoplasm.
EDC: short for electron-donating cardinal adsorbent.
edema: an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or serous cavity.
EDTA: short for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
effective collision: at room temperature, water (and other) molecules in an aqueous solution, for example, are moving about constantly due to thermal agitation and they collide among themselves and against other particles. If the particles were in an associated state and if the collision tears them apart, one may speak of that specific collision as an effective collision.
effectively membrane-pump-less open-ended cell (EMOC): a
multicellular preparation usually derived from a frog sartorius muscle. In this preparation part of the cell membrane is amputated whereas the intact part of the cell membrane is made effectively nonfunctional by being suspended in moist air, which can neither act as a source of the hypothetical inward
K+ pumping, nor a sink for the hypothetical outward Na+ pumping (For illustration, see Fig.7).
effector site: one of a cluster or gang of reactive sites, which produces a physiological activity in response to an agent adsorbed at another spatially separate site known as receptor site.
efflux: a continual outward flow or migration.
EIC: short for electron-indifferent-cardinal adsorbent.
eight interaction energies: the eight interaction energies we considered in computing the data shown, for example, in Fig. 42,
including: (i) charge-charge; (ii) charge-permanent dipole; (iii) charge-induced dipole; (iv) permanent dipole-permanent dipole; (v); permanent dipole-induced dipole; (vi) induced dipole-induced dipole; (vii) London dispersion energy; (viii) Born repulsion energy.
electric field: a region, in which electric forces are acting.
electric field intensity,
electric field strength: the force exerted on a unit charge A unit field intensity (or strength) is the field, which exerts the force of 1 dyne on unit positive charge.
electric line of force: A line of force in an electric field is a curve so drawn as to have the same direction of the electric intensity.
electric potential: The electric potential at any one position is the work necessary to bring a unit positive charge from an infinite distance to this point.
electric potential difference: The electric potential difference between two points is measured by the work necessary to carry a unit positive charge from one point to the other.
electrogenic pump: a hypothetical concept in which the cell membrane or its constituent by transporting charged particles (ions) steadily in an asymmetrical way creates a standing electric potential difference between the inside of a cell and its surrounding medium.
electrolyte: a nonmetallic conductor, in which current is carried by the movement of ions Examples are acids, bases and salts.
electrolytic conductor: a conductor in which the current is carried by ions.
electromagnetic waves: waves propagated by simultaneous periodic variation of electric and magnetic field intensity. They include radio waves, visible
light, X-ray.
electron density: The smallest of all atoms is hydrogen. Its nucleus contains just one proton carrying a single positive charge. In quantum mechanical terms, the normal hydrogen atom may be seen as a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a spherically symmetrical
ball of negative electricity—the electron blurred by a time exposure of its rapid motion. When 3 H atoms on the methyl group of acetic acid are replaced by 3 strongly electronegative
Cl atoms, its pK value drops from 4.76 to below unity—due to the inductively transmitted effect reducing the affinity of the carboxyl group for
H+. There are two (arbitrary but convenient) ways of looking at this event. In one way, one visualizes a movement of the single excess electron charge of the carboxyl oxygen away from the
H+ it attracts—this is the essence of the concept of c-value measured in unit of distance
(Ǻ). Another way is to see the change as a result of a reduction of the "ball of negative electricity" i.e., the
electron density surrounding the singly charged oxygen atom.
electron-donating cardinal adsorbent, (EDC): a cardinal adsorbent which donates electrons to the (cardinal) site on which it is adsorbed.
electron-donating power: See electron-donating strength.
electron-donating strength: the relative strength, with which a substituent donates electron to the molecular entity it combines with The methyl group, ÑÍç, has a high electron-donating strength when compared to that of a hydrogen atom, H. For this reason, acetic acid, ÑÍ3ÑÎÎÍ, has a stronger affinity for its FT and is accordingly less willing to give off its H' and thus falls into the category of a
weaker acid (pK, 4.76) than formic acid, HCOOH (pK, 3.75), which has less affinity for its
H+, is more willing to give off its H4 and is thus a stronger acid.
electron indifferent cardinal adsorbent (EIC): a cardinal adsorbent which neither donates to, nor withdraws electron from a cardinal site.
electron microscope (EM): an electron-optical instrument, in which a beam of electrons focused by an electron lens is used to produce an enlarged view of a minute subject on a fluorescent screen or photographic plate.
electron microscopy: the science and technique of the electron microscope.
electron-withdrawing cardinal adsorbent (EWC): a cardinal adsorbent, which withdraws electrons from the cardinal site.
electronegative: An atom is more electronegative if its nucleus carries more positively-charged protons and thus has greater power to draw (negatively-charged) electrons toward itself.
electronic polarization-depolarization: the cycle, usually repeated, of separating electronic charges followed by their being united to a more neutral arrangement again.
electrostatic field strength: See electric field strength.
electrostatic forces: of or relating to forces produced by static electricity.
electrostatic repulsion: repulsion produced by static electricity.
elemental living machine: the smallest unit of life according to the AI Hypothesis.
EM section: very thin sections of imbedded tissue for electron microscopic viewing.
embedding: to prepare (a microscopic specimen) for sectioning by infiltrating with and enclosing in a supportive substance.
EMOC preparation: See effectively membrane-pump-less open-ended cell (preparation).
Encyclopedia Britannica: The first edition of this great encyclopedia was published in Great Britain in 100 installments between 1768 and 1771.
endocrine: secreting internally especially in the body by way of the blood stream.
endocrine gland: a gland (as the pituitary) that produces a hormone, also known as ductless gland.
endogenous: being or developing within the cells.
endoplasm: inner relatively fluid part of cytoplasm.
endosmosis: name introduced by Dutrochet describing the inward movement of water into living cells and model systems.
energy barrier: a continuous barrier of electrostatic repulsion, which impedes the passage of ionic particles.
energy metabolism: the collection of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions, which degrade energy-rich chemicals like D-glucose in order to synthesize and thus replenish hydrolyzed (principal cardinal adsorbent) ATP during cyclic activity and in maintaining the resting living state.
energy minimization: a method of evaluating the most stable configuration of a group of interacting molecules or ions by determining in what configuration is the total interaction energy at its minimum.
enhancement of ionic association through charge fixation: a basic theory offered in LFCH to account for the high state of ionic and molecular association in living and nonliving fixed charge system (e.g., protoplasm) It has two components, one electrostatic and the other kinetic. {For details, see [10.1(1)].}
enthalpy: also known as heat content (H), a thermodynamic quantity given by H = E + PV, where E is the internal energy of the system; P, the pressure and V, the volume.
entropic cause for enhanced counterion association due to charge
fixation: The Law of Macroscopic Neutrality forbids the departure of any significant quantity of counter-ions from leaving the fixed charge system. As a result, virtually all counterions stay within the much smaller volume inside the fixed charge system rather than the much larger volume of the free bathing solution. Since entropy, especially transational entropy, is directly related to the volume accessible to the counterion, and low entropy favors association, charge fixation enhances counterion-association.
entropy: that portion of the energy of a substance, which is unavailable for the performance of useful work It is due to the various modes of motion of the molecules and may be considered a measure of the degree of randomness of the molecules. Entropy S is directly proportional to the heat content H (or
Hrev) and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature, T. Thus S =
Hrev/T. In statistical mechanics, entropy is related to the number of complexions
Ω. by the relation, S = kT
InΩ, where k is the Boltzmann constant.
entropy of dissociation: entropy gain accompanying the dissociation of an adsorbed or associated entity.
entropy-driven: that which proceeds spontaneously in a direction made probable by the gain of entropy.
enzyme: any of the numerous proteins produced by the living cells, which catalyze biochemical reactions at room temperature.
enzyme kinetics: the study of the rate of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions.
enzymology: the science of the study of enzymes and the reactions they catalyze.
epithelial cells: cells of the epithelium.
epithelium: a membranous cellular tissue that covers a free surface or lines a tube or cavity of an animal body and serves especially to enclose and protect the other parts of the body, to produce secretions and excretions and to function in assimilation.
equilibrium: a state of balance between opposing forces or reactions. For water in contact with an air phase containing water vapor in a closed vessel, equilibrium is reached when the number of water molecules leaving the liquid phase exactly matches the number of molecules entering the liquid water phase.
equilibrium distribution coefficient: See true equilibrium distribution coefficient and apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient.
equilibrium phenomena: phenomena that describe systems at equilibrium.
erythritol: one of the four-carbon polyols or tetritols Found in lichen, grass etc., it is twice as sweet as cane sugar or sucrose.
erythrocytes: red blood cells.
erythrocyte ghosts: During hemolysis of red blood cells by hypotonic solutions or lytic agents, dim colorless outlines of the cells may be seen and are known as ghosts. They represent incompletely-destroyed frame-work or the stroma of the cells.
Escherichia coli: gram-negative colon bacteria, the most abundant bacteria of fecal matter and studied intensively in 1886 by T. Escherich.
état de choses: things as they are.
ether (ethyl ether; diethyl ether): highly volatile and inflammable liquid, used as inhalation anesthetic with a high degree of safety.
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): an important chelating agent with strong affinity for divalent cations.
ethylene glycol: HOCH2CH2OH, a viscous, hygroscopic,
sweet-tasting but poisonous liquid, used often as an antifreeze agent.
EWC: short for electron-withdrawing cardinal adsorbent.
exclusion intensity, (Uvp): an overall expression of the effectiveness of the polarized-oriented water's ability of excluding solutes. It is equal to the sum of the volume component of an energy term and an entropy term (See Ref. 168 pp.152-157.)
exosmosis: term introduced by Dutrochet, meaning outward movement of water from living cells and model systems.
extended conformation: the conformation in which the protein chains are extended Often used to denote the
β-pleated-sheet conformation in solid or crystalline proteins. To be distinguished from
fully-extended conformation used in the PM theory, which as a rule refers to proteins in the fully extended conformation and interacting with bulk-phase water.
extracellular space: the space in between living cells in a tissue like the muscle It is usually filled with tissue fluid or Ringer's solution.
extrovert model: proteins or linear polymers with pr
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