Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1
"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Laureate
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A Super-Glossary
for Words, Terms and Basic Concepts Used in the Book
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t1/2: the half time of a process.
T1: the (nuclear-magnetic resonance) spin-lattice
relaxation time, or longitudinal relaxation time The difference between
the excess population at an elevated energy level in a static uniform
magnetic field and its equilib-rium value, is reduced by a factor of e
(2.718) after a time, T1.
T2: the (nuclear magnetic resonance) spin-spin
re-laxation time or transverse relaxation time Defined approximately as
the lifetime or phase memory time of a nuclear spin state.
T-state: the more rigid or tense deoxygenated sate (of
hemoglobin).
Taft's induction constant: a set of empirically determined
constants of substituents appli-cable to aliphatic compounds introduced
by R.W.Taft in l953.
target: something to be affected by an action or development.
tesla: unit of magnetic induction equal to 104 gauss, named after
inventor, Nikola Tesla.
tethered: to be fastened or restrained by.
theorem: an idea accepted or proposed as a de-monstrable truth
often as a part of a general theory.
theory of enhancement of association through site (or charge)
fixation: the theory that charge- or site fixation enhances the
degree of association of an adsorbent for two kinds of reasons: one
electrostatic and the other ki-netic {For details, see [10.1(1)].}
Theory of light: theory of light as propagated electromagnetic
waves introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864.
theory of thermostability of Perutz: Max Perutz suggested in 1978
that the cause some living organisms can survive in high temperature is
due to the presence of extra structure-stabilizing salt-linkages in
their enzymes and other proteins.
thermodynamics: the science that deals with the relationship of
heat and mechanical energy and the conversion of one into the other.
THO: tritiated water Water molecules in which one of the hydrogen
atoms has been replaced by a tritium atom.
threonine: СН3СН(ОН)СН(NН2)СНСООН, an
α-amino acid found in most protein hydro-lysates Its presence as
threonine residue in a protein endows the protein with a hydroxyl group
on a short side chain.
tibial end: the distal end of (a sartorius muscle) that is
attached to the tibial bone, which is located between the knee and the
ankle.
titration curve: Titration is a process of deter-mining the
strength of a solution or the concentration of the substance in solution
in terms of the smallest amount of a reagent of known concentration
required to bring about a given effect in reaction with a known volume
of the test solution. A most common type of titration is to determine
the acid binding curve of a substance, e.g., protein.
Tl+: thalium cation, a surrogate ion for K+
but poisonous used to poison rats.
tonoplast: the membrane surrounding the central vacuole in mature
plant cells, also known as vesicular membrane.
lexicological action: the specific toxic activity of a poison.
Tradecantia elongata: spiderwort, an American herb.
transcription: a process involving base pairing, by which the
genetic information contained in a DNA molecule is used to produce a
complementary sequence of bases in an RNA chain.
translation: the process whereby the genetic information
contained in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule directs the order of the
specific sequential order of amino-acid resi-dues during the synthesis
of a specific protein. (See also transcription.)
transmissivity, transmission factor: the fractional number or
percentage which describes the attenuation each passage across an atom
imposes on the transmitted induc-tive effect.
trehalose: a disaccharide of two D-glucose found in fungi instead
of starch also found in insects.
trichloroacetic acid (TCA): Сl3ССООН, а strong acid
and protein denaturant, an acetic acid in which all three of the methyl
protons have been replaced by (three) chlorine atoms.
triplet adsorption-desorption route: a way by which an external
or internal cation, for example, may enter (or leave) the cell, which
involves the participation of a second free cation.
triplet migration: a mechanism by which an ion can move across a
fixed site at the surface or within a fixed charge system. This process
involves the occupation of the site by the ion followed by its
desorption with the participation of a second free ion.
trisaccharide: a sugar that upon hydrolysis yields three
monosaccharides Example, raffinose.
tritiated water: H3HO, a radioactively labeled water
molecule.
Troshin equation: Equation A1 in Appendix 1.
true active transport: refers to the active transport across
bifacial cell layers and similar systems.
true equilibrium distribution coefficient (q-value): the ratio of
the equilibrium concen-tration of a solute (exclusively) in the water of
a living cell or model system over that in the external bathing medium.
tryptophane: a common
α-amino acid found in most protein hydrolysates. Its presence in
a protein endows the protein with an indole group carried on a short
side chain.
Tyndall phenomenon: Discovered by Michael Faraday, the scattering
of light by a solution of colloidal particles was studied by J. Tyndall
and is known as the Tyndall phenomenon.
tyrosine: an aromatic a-amino acid found in most protein
hydrolysates. Incorporated into a polypeptide or protein it provides a
phenolic group on a short side chain.
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