Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution
in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1
"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi,
Nobel Laureate
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List of
Abbreviations
and Selected Symbols |
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a1, a2: activities of ionic
species 1 and 2 respectively
ADP: adenosine diphosphate
AI Hypothesis: association-induction hypothesis
AIH: association-induction hypothesis
Ala: alanine residue
Arg: arginine residue
Asn: asparagine residue
Asp: aspartic acid residue
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
CG-electrode: collodion-coated glass electrode
Cl: chlorine atom
Сl-: chlorine ion
CO group: carbonyl group
CONH: peptide bond
CrP: creatine phosphate, phosphocreatine
Cs+: cesium ion
CSA: close-contact surface adsorption theory of cellular electric
potentials
Cys: cysteine residue
DK: diffusion coefficient of K+
DPG: diphosphoglycerate, an organic phosphate found in red blood
cells
E. coli: see Escherichia coli in Glossary
EDC: electron-donating cardinal adsorbent
EIC: electron-indifferent cardinal adsorbent
EMOC: effectively membrane-pump-less open-ended cell preparation
EPPI: Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute
EWC: electron-withdrawing cardinal adsorbent
f-: fixed monovalent anion
f+: fixed monovalent cation
f+ Y-: associated fixed monovalent
cation-free monovalent anion pair
f- Х+: associated fixed monovalent
anion-free monovalent cation pair
-γ/2:
nearest neighbor interaction energy
γK: activity coefficient of potassium ion (K+)
Gln: glutamine residue
Glu: glutamic acid residue
Gly: glycine residue
H: hydrogen atom
H+: hydrogen ion, or proton
His: histidine residue
HKKP: Hodgkin-Keynes-Kushmerick-Podolsky
H20: normal water molecule
IAA: iodoacetic acid or iodoacetate ion
Ile: isoleucine residue
K+: potassium ion
КK: adsorption constant of K+
KNa: adsorption constant of Na+
KooNa––>K:
intrinsic equilibrium constant between Na+ and K+
Kooi–>j:
intrinsic equilibrium constant between ith and jth ion or molecule
Leu: leucine residue
LFCH: Ling's fixed charge hypothesis
Li: lithium atom
Li+: lithium ion
Lys: lysine residue
μ: micron, 10-4 cm
Met: methionine residue
N sites: negatively charged site
Na+: sodium ion
NaOH: sodium hydroxide
Na2S04: sodium sulfate
NH4+: ammonium ion
NH group: imino group
NO-NO-NO: a chain of alternatingly negatively-charged N sites and
vacant O sites
(NO-NO-NO)n: parallel array of NO-NO-NO chains where
each NO-NO-NO chain is immediately surrounded by n similar chains
NO-NO-NO system: a system of NO-NO-NO chains
NP-NP-NP: a chain of alternatingly positively-charged P sites and
vacant O sites
NP system: a two-dimensional array or checkerboard of
alternatingly negatively-charged N sites and positively-charged P sites
NP-NP system: juxtaposed checkerboard of two dimensional array of
alternating negatively-charged N sites and positively-charged P sites
(NP-NP-NP)n: parallel array of NP-NP-NP chains where
each NP-NP-NP chain is
immediately surrounded by n similar chains
O sites: vacant sites
π: osmotic pressure
(ρ:
Greek rho, see under R)
P~: high energy phosphate bond
Pcellulose acetate membrane: permeability through a
layer of heat-activated cellulose
acetate membrane
PCl: permeability constant of chloride ion
Pfrog skin: permeability through a sheet of inverted
frog skin
p°/p: reciprocal of partial vapor pressure where p is the
existing vapor pressure
and p° is the vapor pressure at saturation under the same condition
PK: permeability constant for K+
PNa: permeability constant for Na+
Pro: proline residue
P sites: positively-charged sites
PEI: poly(ethylene imine), a linear polymer carrying fixed
positively charged imine groups
PEO: poly(ethylene oxide), a linear polymer carrying fixed oxygen
atoms serving as an extrovert model
Phe: phenylalanine residue
PM theory: polarized multilayer theory of cell water and model
systems
PVME: polyvinylmethylether, another highly useful extrovert model
PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone, another useful extrovert model
q: true equilibrium distribution coefficient or q-value
R: the gas constant, equal to 1.987 cal per degree per mole
ρ: apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient or
ρ-value
R': an empirically determined constant that approaches the value
of R
Rb: rubidium atom
Rb+: rubidium ion
Residue: each amino acid when incorporated into a polypeptide or
protein is referred to as an amino-acid residue Example: glycine residue
comes from the amino acid, glycine
SA theory: the surface adsorption theory of cellular electric
potential was a term introduced with the AI Hypothesis but later
replaced by the name close-contact surface adsorption theory (CSA
theory)
SDS: sodium dodecyi sulfate, an anionic detergent
S.D. or s.d.: standard deviation
S.E. or s.e.: standard error of the mean
Ser: serine residue
T: absolute temperature
t1/2: half time of exchange
τr: rotational correlation time
Thr: threonine residue
Тl+: thalium cation
Trp: tryptophane residue
Tyr: tyrosine residue
Us: the surface component of solute-water interaction
energy
Uvp: exclusion intensity of solute-water interaction
energy It includes both an energy component and an entropy component.
V: volume
V1: partial molal volume It represents the actual
volume a mole of a substance occupies when it constitutes one of two (or
more) components of a solution.
Val: valine residue
X+: a monovalent free cation
x/1: length x expressed as a fraction of the total length 1
Y-: free monovalent anion
Z-Line: the dense line at the either end of a sarcomere
ψ: symbol used to designate the magnitude of the resting or
action potential
ψ°: a constant used in Nicolsky's equation (equation 9) for
glass electrode potential
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