Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1

"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi,
Nobel Laureate

References

(1) Schwann, Ò. 1839 Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Übereinstimung ò der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen (Berlin); republished in Ostwald's "Kassiker" (Leipzig, 1910), pp, 60-158. See also Ref. 3 for valuable review in English on Schwann's work.

(2) Dujardin, F. 1835 Annales des sciences naturrelles; partie zoologique, 2d sér., 4:364.

(3) Hall, T.S. 1969 Ideas of Life and Matter; Studies in the History of General Physiology 600 B.C.-1900 A.D., Vol 2, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

(4) Ledbetter, M.C. and Porter, K.R. 1970 Introduction to the Fine Structure of Plant Cells, Springer, New York. Dodge, J.D. 1973 The Fine Structure of Algal Cells, Academic Press, New York.

(5) Oken, L. 1805 Die Zeugung (cited by C. Singer in his A History of Biology to About the Year 1900: A General Introduction to the Study of Living Things, Abelard-Schuman, London.)
 ————. 1810 Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie, Jena.

(6) von Nageli, K. 1844 Zeitschr. wiss. Bot. 1: 34.

(7) von Mohl, H. 1846 Bot. Z. 4:73, 84.

(8) Cohn, F. 1847 Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae [of Halle] 22: 605. For partial English transl. See Huxley, Ò.Í., 1872, The Contemporary Review 19: 34.

(9) Remak, R. 1852 Müller's Arch f. Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftlische Medizin (Berlin) p. 49.

(10) Leydig, F. 1857 Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Thiere, (Frankfurt) pp. 14-15.

(11) Schultze, M. 1861 Müller's Archiv f. Anatomie. Physiologic und wissenschftliche Medicin (Berlin) p. 1. For transl. [of a part], see M. and V. Hamburger and T.S. Hall, in T.S. Hall, A Source Book in Animal Biology (New York. 1951, 1964),p.449.

(12) Wilson, E.B. 1928 The Cell in Development and Heredity, 3rd ed.Macmillan, New York.

(13) Glasstone, S. 1946 Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed., D. Van Nostrand, New York.

(14) van't Hoff, J.H. 1887Z.phys.Chem. 1:481.
————. 1888 Phil. Mag. 26: 81.

(15) Ling, G.N. 1984 In Search of the Physical Basis of Life, Plenum Publ. Co., New York.

(16) Dutrochet, R. J.H. 1824 Recherche anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux et sur la motilite, (Paris).
————. 1827 Ann. Chim et Physique. 34:393; 35: 393.

(17) Traube, M. 1867 Arch. Anat. Physiol. u. wiss. Med. 87-128; 129-165.

(18) Pfeffer, M. F. 1877 (1st ed.) 1921 (2nd ed.) Osmotische Untersuchungen: Studien zur Zeil-Mechanik, Engelmann, Leipzig.
————. 1885 Osmotic Invesigations: Studies on Cell Mechanics (Eng. Transl. by G.R. Kepner and Ed. J. Stadelmann), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

(19) Bernstein, J. 1902 Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 92: 521.

(20) Donnan,F. 1911 Z. Elektrochem. 17: 572.
————. 1924 Chem. Rev, 1: 73.

(21) Overton,E. 1899Vierteljahrschr.Naturforsch.Ges. Zurich 44: 88.

(22) Chambers, R. and Chambers, E.L. 1961 Explorations into the Nature of the Living Cell, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. p. 9.

(23) Ling, G.N. 1973 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 5: 295.

(24) de Vries, H. 1871 Arch. neerl. sci. 6: 117.

(25) Overton, E. 1902 Pflügers Arch ges Physiol. 92: 115.

(26) Hamburger, H, J. 1887 Arch. fur Anatomie und Physiologic S 41.
————. 1889 Z. Biol. 26: 414.

(27) von Hanstein, J. 1880 Das Protoplasm als Träger des pflanzlichen und thierischen Lebensverrichtungen, Sammlung von Vorträgen für das deutsche Volk, Heidelberg, p. 169.

(28) de Vries, H. 1884 Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 14: 427.

(29) Hofler, Ê. 1918 Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. 36: 414.

(30) Lucke, Â. and McCutcheon, M. 1932 Physiol. Rev. 12: 68.

(31) Hofler, Ê. 1926 Planta 2: 454.
————. 1930 Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 73: 300.
————. 1931 Ber. dtsch. bot. Ges. 49: 19.
————. 1932 Protoplasma 15: 462.

(32) Plowe, J. Q. 1931 Protoplasma 12: 196, 221.
Strugger, S. 1932 Ber. dtsch. bot. Ges. 50: 24.
Ullrich, H. 1939 Arch. exp. Zeilforsch. 22: 496.

(33) Nasonov, D. N. and Aizenberg, E. I. 1937 Biol. zh. (In Russian) 6: 165, see also Ref. 92, p. 48 and Ref. 86, p.111.

(34) Kamnev,I.Ye. 1938 Arkh. anat. gistol. i embr. 19:145 (also Ref. 92, p. Ill, Ref. 86, p.115).

(35) Ling, G.N., Neville, M.C., Will, S. and Shannon, P. 1969 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1:85. 
Ling, G.N., Walton, C.L. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1981 J. Cell. Physiol. 106: 385.

(36) Gerard, P. 1912 C.R. 154: 1305.
Wu, H. and Yang, E.F. 1931 Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 29: 248.
Kaplanskii, S. Ya. and Boldyreva, N. 1934 Fisiol. Zh. 17: 96.
Cohn, W. and Cohn, E. F. 1939 Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 41: 445.
Heppel, L. A. 1939 Amer. J. Physiol. 127: 385.
Steinbach, Â. 1940 J. Biol. Chem. 133: 695.

(37) von Nageli, Ê. 1855 Pflanzenphysiol. Untersuchungen (Ñ. Nägeli and C. Cramer, eds.) Hefl. I, Schulthese, Zürich.

(38) Kuhne, W. 1864 Untersuchungen über das Protoplasma, Engelmann, Leipzig.

(39) Pfeffer, Wilh. 1897 Pflanzenphysiologie, 2te Aufl., 2 vols., Engelmann, Leipzig.

(40) Kite, G.L. 1913 Biol. Bull. 25: 1.

(41) Lillie, R. S. 1923 Protoplasmic Action and Nervous Action, 1st ed., Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

(42) Cameron, I. L. 1988 Physiol. Chem. Phys. and Med. NMR 20: 221.

(43) Ostwald, Wilh. 1890 Z. physik. Chem. 6: 71.

(44) Boyle, P.J. and Conway, E.J. 1941 J. Physiol.(London) 100: 1.

(45) Hutter, 0. F. and Padsha, S. M. 1959 J. Physiol. (London) 146: 117.

(46) Lorkovic, H. and Tomanek, R.J. 1977 Amer. J. Physiol. 232: C109.

(47) Hodgkin, A.L. 1951 Biol. Rev. 26: 339.
————. 1971 The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse. Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool.

(48) Ling, G. N. 1982 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 14: 47.

(49) Ling, G. N. 1997 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 29:123.

(50) Netter,H. 1928 Pflüger's Arch. ges. Physiol. 220: 107.

(51) Mond, R. and Amson, K. 1928 Pflüger's Arch. Ges. Physiol. 220: 69.

(52) Skou, S.C. 1957 Biochem. Biophys. Acta 23: 394.
————. 1965 Physiol. Rev. 45: 596.
————. 1988 Methods of Enzymol. 156: 1.
————. 1989 Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1000: 435.

(53) Graham, T. 1861 Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 151: 183.

(54) Williams, L. P. 1965 Michael Faraday: A Biography, Da Capa Press, Plenum Publ. Co., New York.

(55) Bigelow, S. L. and Bartell, F. E. 1909 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 31: 1194.
Bigelow, S.L. and Hunter, F. W. 1911 J. Phys. Chem. 15: 367.
Bartell, F.E. 1911 J. Phys. Chem. 15:318.

(56) Findlay, A. 1919 Osmotic Pressure, Longmans, Green & Co., London.

(57) L'Hermite, M. 1855 Annales chim. phys. 43: 420.

(58) Pauli, W. and Rona, P. 1902 . Beitr. Chem. Physiol. Pathol. 1902: 114.

(59) Bungenberg de Jong, H, G. and Kruyt, H. R. 1929 Proc. Koninkl. Nederland. Akad. Wetenschap., Amsterdam 32: 849.

(60) Glicksman, M. 1969 Gum Technology in the Food Industry, Academic Press, New York.

(61) Bungenberg de Jong, H. G. 1949 in Colloid Science, Vol. II Reversible Systems (H.R. Kruyt, ed.) Elsevier Publ. Co., New York.

(62) Lepeschkin, W.W. 1926 Ber. dtsch. bot. Ges. 44: 7.
————. 1930 Protoplasma 9: 269, p. 275.

(63) Kuroda, Ê. 1964 in Primitive Motile Systems in Cell Biology (R.D. Alien and N. Kamiya eds.), Academic Press, New York, p. 31.

(64) Gortner, R. A. 1938 Outline of Biochemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.

(65) Houwink, R. 1949 in Colloid Science Vol. II Reversible Systems, Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, pp. 19-45.

(66) Staudinger, H. 1940 Organische Kolloidchemie, Braunschweig.

(67) Staudinger, H. 1920 Ber. 53: 1073.

(68) Ling, G. N. 1994 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 26: 121.

(69) Negendank, W. and Shaller, C. 1982 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 688: 316.

(70) Holleman, L.W.J., Bungenberg de Jong, H. G. and Modderman, R.S.T. 1934 Kolloid Beih. 39:334.

(71) Bungenbeg de Jong, H. G. 1932 Protoplasma 15: 110.

(72) Huxley, Ò.Í. 1869 "On the Physical Basis of Life", Fortnightly Review 5: 129.

(73) Abderhalden, E. 1898 Z. physiol. Chem. 25: 65.

(74) Ponder, E. 1948 Hemolysis and Related Phenomena, Grune & Stratton, New York.

(75) Katz, J. 1896 Arch. ges. Physiol., 63: 1.

(76) Hamburger, H.J. 1904 Osmotische Druckund lonenlehre. Vol. 3, Bergmann, Wiesbaden.

(77) Moore, B. 1906 Recent Advances in Biochemistry (L. Hill, ed.) Arnold, London, pp. 139-195.
Moore, B. and Roaf, H. E. 1908 Biochem. J. 3: 55.

(78) Fischer, M. H. 1909 Oedema, Trans. College Physicians, 3rd Ser. Vol. 31, Philadelphia, p. 457-657.
————. 1910 Das Oedem, Steinkopf, Dresden.
————. 1913 Introduction to Colloidal Physiology I. Oedema [in Russian], Moscow, pp. 1-331.
————. 1921 Oedema and Nephritis, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York.

(79) Ostwald, Wo. 1940 "Martin Fischer upon His Sixtieth Birthday" J. Med. 20: 436.

(80) Gortner, R. A. 1930 Trans. Faraday Soc. 26: 678.

(81) Hill, A. V. 1930 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B. 106: 477.
Hill, A. V. and Kupalov, P. S. 1930 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B. 106: 445.

(82) McLeod, J. and Ponders, E. 1936 J. Physiol. (London) 86: 147.
Hunter, F. R. and Parpart, A. K. 1938 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 12: 309.

(83) Ernst, E. 1963 Biophysics of the Striated Muscle, Hungar. Acad. Sci., 2nd ed., Budapest.

(84) Macallum, A.B. 1905 J. Physiol. (London) 32: 95.
Menten, M. L. 1908 Trans. Canad. Inst. 8: 403.

(85) Tigyi, J., Kellermayer, M. and Hazlewood C.F. 1991 The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Akad. Kiado, Budapest.

(86) Nasonov, D. N. 1962 Local Reaction of Protoplasm and Gradual Excitation (English Transl. by Y.S. Halpem), National Science Foundation, available at Office of Technical Services, US. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

(87) Hermann, L. 1871 Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 4: 163.
————. 1879 Handbuch der Physiologic, Vogel Verlag, Leipzig, Band II Theil I

(88) Graham, J. and Gerard, R.W. 1946 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol 28: 99.
Ling, G. N. and Gerard, R. W. 1949 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 383.
Weidemann, S. 1971 in Research in Physiology, (F. F. Kao, K. Koizumi and M Vassale, eds.), Aulo Gaggi Publ., Bologna, pp. 3-25.

(89) DuBois-Reymond, E. 1848-1849 Untersuchungen über Thierische Elektrizität, Vol. I and II, Reimer, Berlin.

(90) Troshin,A.S. 1956 Problema kletochnoi pronitsaemosti, Moskva-Leningrad.

(91) Troshin, A.S. 1958 Das Problem der Zeilpermeabilitat, Gustav. Fischer Verlag, Jena.

(92) Troshin, A.S. 1966 Problems of Cell Permeability, (English Transl. by M.G. Hell and N. D. Widdas), Pergamon Press, London.

(93) Troshin, A.S. 1948 Biokhimiya 13: 253.
————. 1951a Byull. eksp. biol. med. 31: 180.
————. 1951b Byull. eksp. biol. med. 31: 285.
————. 1951ñ Byull. eksp. biol. med. 32: 162.
————. 1951d Byull. eksp. biol. med. 33: 228.
————. 1951e Biokhimiya 16: 164.
————. 1952   Byull. eksp. biol. med. 34: 59.

(94) Ling, G. N. 1951 Amer. J. Physiol. 167: 806.

(95) Ling, G. N. and Gerard, R. W. 1949a J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 383.
————. 1949b J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 397.
————. 1949ñ J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 413.
Ling, G.N. and Woodbury, J. W. 1949 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 407.

(96) Ling, G. N. 1952 in Phosphorus Metabolism, Vol. II, (W.D. McElroy and B. Glass, eds.), The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, p. 748.

(97) Guggenheim, E. A. 1950 Thermodynamics, An Advanced Treatise for Chemists and Physicists, Interscience Publ., Inc., 2nd ed.. New York, pp. 330-331.

(98) Ling, G. N. 1962 A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis, Blaisdell Publ. Co., Waltham, Mass.

(99) Bugarszky, S. and Liebermann, L.I 898 Arch. ges. Physiol. 72: 51.
Michaelis, L. and Rona, P. 1908 Biochem. Z. 14: 476.
Pauli, W. and Samec, M. 1909 Biochem Z. 17: 235.
Erdos, Ò. 1946 Hung. Acta Physiol. 1: 33.
Beatley, E. H. and Klotz, I. M. 1951 Biol. Bull. 101: 215.
Carr, C.W. 1956 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 62: 476.
Lewis, M. S. and Saroff, H. A. 1957 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79: 2112.

(100) Bethe, A. and Toropoff, T. 1914 Z. Phys. Chem. 88: 686.
————. 1915 Z. Phys. Chem. 89: 597.
Mond,R. 1927 Pflüger's Arch. Ges. Physiol. 217: 618.
Teorell,T. 1953 Progr. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 3: 305.
Meyer, Ê. H. and Sievers, J. F. 1936 Helv. chim. Acta 19: 649, 665.
Sollner, Ê. 1949 J. Phys. Colloid. Chem. 53: 1211.

(101) Gunn, R. B. 1979 in Membrane Transport in Biology, Volume II (D.C. Tosteson, ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, Chapt. 2, p. 61.

(102) Arrhenius, S. 1887 Z. physk. Chem. 1: 631.

(103) Debye, P. and Huckel, W. 1923 Phys. Z. 24: 185.

(104) Ives, D.J.G. and Janz, G. J. 1961 Reference Electrodes, Academic Press, New York.

(105) Sollner, K. 1949 J. Phys. Colloid. Chem. 53: 1211.

(106) Ling, G. N. 1960 J. Gen. Physiol. 43: 149.

(107) Ling, G.N. 1992 A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell, Krieger Publ. Co., Malabar, Fl. Full text with free DjVu Viewer (10 Mb)

(108) Speakman, J. B. and Hirst, M. C. 1931 Nature 127: 665.

(109) Riseman, J. and Kirkwood, J. G. 1948 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70: 2820.

(110) Debye, P. and Pauling, L. 1925 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 47: 2127.
Webb, T. J. 1926 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 48: 2589.

(111) Goi-in, M. 1939 J. Chem. Phys. 7: 405.
Ling, G.N. 1957 in Metabolic Aspect of Transport across Cell Membrane, (Q.R.
Murphy, ed.), Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 181-186.

(112) Ling, G. N. 1978 J. Physiol. (London) 280: 105.

(113) Ling, G. N. 1973 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 5: 295.

(114) Ling, G. N. and Zhang, Z. L. 1984 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 16: 221.

(115) Huang, H. W„ Hunter, S.H., Warburton, W. Ê. and Moss, S.C. 1979 Science 204: 191.

(116) Ling, G. N. and Ochsenfeld, M. M. 1966 J. Gen. Physiol. 49: 819.

(117) Langmuir.L 1916 J. Araer. Chem. Soc. 38: 2221.
————. 1918 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 40: 1361.

(118) Hoare, D. G. and Koshland, D. E. 1967 J. Biol. Chem. 242: 2447.
Khorana, H. G. 1953 Chem. Rev. 53: 145.

(119) Ling, G.N. 1989 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 21: 13.

(120) Stecher, P. G., Windholz, M., Leahy, D. S., Bolton, D. M. and Eaton, L. G., (eds) 1968. The Merck Index, 8th ed. Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J.

(121) Tanford, C. 1962 Adv. Protein Chem. 17: 69.

(122) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1991 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 23: 133.

(123) Engelmann, Ò. W. 1873 Pflüger's Arch. Ges. Physiol. 7: 155.
Hanson, J. and Huxley, H. E. 1953 Nature 172: 530.

(124) Ling, G. N., 1977 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 9: 319.

(125) Edelmann, L., 1977 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 9: 313.

(126) Edelmann, L. 1978 Microsc. Acta Suppl. 2: 166.
————. 1980 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 12: 509.
————. 1980a Histochem. 67: 233.
————. 1980-1981 Intern. Cell Biol. (H. G. Schweiger, ed.) Springer, Berlin, p. 941.
————. 1983 Physiol. Chem Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 337.
————. 1984 Scanning Electron Microscopy II: 875.
————. 1986 in Science of Biological Specimen Preparation, (M. Muller, R. P. Becker, A.Boyde and J. J. Wolosewick, eds.) SEM Inc., AMF O'Hare, Chicago, 111., p. 33.
————. 1886a Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM Inc., Chicago, 111. IV: 1337.
————. 1988 Scanning Microscopy 2: 851.
————. 1991 Scanning Microscopy 5: S-75.
————. 1994 Scanning Microscopy 8: 67.
————. 1996 Scanning Microscopy 10: 295.
————. 1998 Scanning Microscopy 12: 1.

(127) Gregor, H. 1948 J. Amer Chem. Soc. 70: 1293.
————. 1951 J. Amer. Chem.Soc. 73: 642.

(128) Fletcher, W.M. and Hopkins, F.G. 1907 J. Physiol.(London) 35: 247.

(129) Edelmann, L. 1989 Scanning Microscopy 3: 1219.

(130) Gulati, J., Ochsenfeld, M.M. and Ling, G. N., 1971 Biophys. J. 11: 973.

(131) Ling, G. N., Miller, C. and Ochsenfeld, M. M. 1973 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 6.

(132) Lipmann, F. 194] Adv. Enzymol. 1: 99.

(133) Podolsky, R. J. and Morales, M. F. 1956 J. Biol. Chem., 218: 945.

(134) George, P. and Rutman, R. J. 1960 Prog. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 10: 1.

(135) Baker, P. F., Hodgkin, A. L. and Shaw, T. I. 1961 Nature 190: 885.
Oikawa, Ò., Spyropoulos, C. S., Tasaki, I. and Teorell, T. 1961 Acta Physiol. Scand. 52: 195.

(136) Ling, G. N., 1965 Persp. Biol. Med. 9: 87.

(137) Baker, P. F., Foster, R. F., Gilbert, D.S., and Shaw, T.I. 1971 J. Physiol. (London) 219: 487.

(138) Ling, G. N. and Negendank, W. 1980 Persp. Biol. Med. 23: 215.

(139) Ling, G. N., and Tucker, M. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 311.

(140) Ling, G. N., Zodda, D. and Sellers, M. 1984 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 16: 381.

(141) Cope, F. W. 1967 Bull. Math. Biophys. 29: 583.

(142) Murphy, Q. R. (Ed.) 1957 Metabolic Aspects of Transport across Cell Membrane, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

(143) Bregman, J. I. 1953 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 57: 125.

(144) Teunissen, P. H., Rosenthal, S. and Zaayer, W. H., 1938 Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas. 57: 929.

(145) Ling, G. N., 1955 Fed. Proc. 14: 93.

(146) Eisenman, G., Rudin, D. 0. and Casby, J. U. 1957 Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference on Electrical Techniques in Medicine and Biology of the A.I.E.E., l.S.A. and l.R.E., Boston, November 1957, not printed.
Rudin, D.O., and Eisenman, G. 1959 Abstract, 21 st Intern. Congress Physiol. Sciences, p. 237.

(147) Ling, G. N. 1960 J. Gen. Physiol. 43 (Suppl).: 149.

(148) Eisenman, G. (ed.) 1967 Glass Electrodes for Hydrogen and Other Cations: Principles and Practices, Marcel Dekker, New York.

(149) Anfinson, C. B. 1962 Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 15: 184.
————. 1967 Harvey Lectures 61: 95.

(150) Ling, G. N. 1986 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 18: 3.

(151) Chou, P. Y. and Fasman, G. D. 1978 Adv. Enzymol. 47: 45.

(152) Tanaka, S. and Scheraga, H. A. 1976 Macromol. 9: 168.

(153) Gamier, J., Osguthorpe, D. J. and Robson, B. 1978 J. Mol. Biol. 120: 97.

(154) Ling, G. N. 1965 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 125: 401.

(155) Ling, G. N. 1972 in Water and Aqueous Solutions, Structure, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes (A. Home, ed.) Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 663-699.

(156) Ling, G.N., Niu, Z. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1993 Physiol. Chem Phys. & Med. NMR 25: 177.

(157) Veis,A. 1964 The Macromolecular Chemistry of Gelatin, Academic Press, New York.

(158) Ling, G. N. 1985 in Water and ions in Biological Systems (A. Pullman, V. Vasilescu and L., Packer, eds.), Plenum Press, New York. (2nd Intern. Conf. Bucharest, Sept. 6-11,1982) pp.79-94.

(159) Ling, G. N. and Negendank, W. 1970 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 2: 15.

(160) Ling, G. N. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 155.

(161) Ling, G. N. and Ochsenfeld, M. M. 1987 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 19: 177.

(162) Ling, G. N.. and Zhang, Z. L. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 391.

(163) Ling, G. N. and Hu, W. H. 1987 Physiol. Chem Phys. & Med. NMR 19: 251.

(164) Ling, G. N. and Murphy, R. C. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 137.

(165) Clegg, J. S„ Szwarnowski, S., McClean, V.E.R., Sheppard, R. J. and Grant, E. H. 1982 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 721:458.
Clegg, J. S., McClean, V.E. R., Szwarnowski, S. and Sheppard, R. J. 1984 Phys. Med. Biol. 29: 1409.

(166) Trantham, E. C., Rorschach, H. E., Clegg, J. C., Hazlewood, C. F. Nicklow, R M. and Wakabayashi, N. 1984 Biophys. J. 45: 927.

Heidom, D. Â., Rorschach, H. E., Hazlewood, C. F., Ling, G. N. and Nicklow, R. M. 1986 Biophys. J. 49: 92A.

(167) Ludwig, C. 1849 Z. ration. Med. von Henie 8: 1.

(168) Ling, G. N. 1993 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 25: 145.

(169) Ling, G. N. 1987 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 19: 193.

(170) Ling, G. N. and Hu, W. 1988 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 20: 293.

(171) Ling, G. N. and Hu, W. (to be published).

(172) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 127.

(173) Ling, G. N. 1969 Intern. Rev. Cytology 26: 1.

(174) Ling, G. N. 1988 Physiol. Chem Phys. & Med. NMR 20: 281.

(175) Ling, G. N. and Ochsenfeld, M. M. 1989 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 21: 19.

(176) Luyet, B. J. and Hartung, M. C. 1941 Biodynamica 3: 353.
Polge, C., Smith, A. U. and Parks, A. S. 1949 Nature 164: 666.
Rail, W. F. 1987 Cryobiology 24: 387.

(177) Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1978 The Living State and Cancer, Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.

(178) Rushbrooke, G. S. 1949 Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 
Myers, J. E. and Meyer, M. G. 1940 Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Fowler, R. and Guggenheim, E. A. 1960 Statistical Thermodynamics: A Version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

(179) Ernst, E. and Hazlewood, C.F. 1979 Inorganic Perspectives in Biol and Med 2: 181.

(180) Pollack, G. H. 1990 Muscle and Molecules: Uncovering the Principles of Biological Motion, Ebner & Sons, Seattle.
————. 2001 Cells, Gels and the Engine of Life, A New Unified Approach to Cell Function, Ebner & Sons, Seattle, WA, USA.

(181) Barcroft, J. 1928 The Respiratory Function of the Blood, Part II. Hemoglobin, The Cambridge University Press, London.

(182) Forbes, W. H. and Roughton, F. J. W. 1931 J. Physiol. (London) 71: 229.

(183) Hill, A. V. 1910 J. Physiol. (London) 40: iv.
Hill, R. and Wolvekamp, H. P. 1936 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Â 120: 484.

(184) Wyman, J. 1964 Adv. Protein Chem. 19: 223.

(185) Yang, Ñ. N. and Ling, G. N., in Ling, G.N. 1964 Biopolymers (Biophys. Symp. Issue) 1:91.

(186) Ling, G. N. 1970 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 67: 296.

(187) Bohr, Ñ. 1890 Z. physiol. Chem. 4: 249.

(188) Manwell, Ñ. 1958 Science 127: 593.

(189) Chanutin, A. and Curlish, R. R. 1967 Arch, Biochem. Biophys. 121: 96.
Chanutin, A. and Hermann, E. 1969 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 131: 180.
Klinger, R. G. , Zahn, D. P., Brox, D. H. and Frunder, H. E. 1971 Europ. J. Biochem 18: 171.

(190) Ling, G.N. and Bohr, G. 1971 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 3: 431.

(191) Miseta, A., Bogner, P., Berenyi, E., Kellermayer, M., Galambos, S. and Wheatley, D. N. and Cameron, I. L. 1993 Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1175: 133.

(192) Bull, H. 1944 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66: 1499.
Dole, M. and Faller, I. L. 1950 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72: 414.
Katchman, D. and McLaren, A. D. 1951 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73: 2124.
McLaren, A. D. and Rowen, J. W. 1951 J. Polymer Sic. 7: 289.
Hnojewyj, W. S. and Reyerson, L. H. 1959 J. Phys. Chem. 63: 1653.
Eley, D. D. and Leslie, R. B. 1964 in The Structure and Properties of Biomolecules and Biological Systems, pp. 238-258.
D'Arcy, R. L. and Watt, I. C. 1970 Trans. Farad. Soc. 66: 1236.
Leeder, J. D. and Watt, I. C. 1974 J. Coll. Interfac. Sci. 48: 339.

(193) Speakman, J. Â. 1944 Trans. Farad. Soc. 40: 6.
Leeder, J. D. and Watt, I. C. 1965 J. Phys. Chem. 69: 3280.

(194) Katz, J. R. 1919 Kolloidchem. Beih. 9: 1.

(195) Ling, G. N. 1987 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 19: 159.

(196) von Korosy, Ê. 1914-1915 Z. physiol. Chem. 93: 154.

(197) Hodgman, C. D., Weast, R.C. and Selby, S.M. (Ed.) 1961 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 43rd Ed., The Chemical Rubber Publ. Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

(198) Ling, G. N. and Peterson, K. 1977 Bull. Mathem. Biol. 39: 721.

(199) Ling, G. N. and Kwon, Y. 1983 Physiol.. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 239.

(200) Singer, S. J. andNicolson, G. L. 1972 Science 175: 720.

(201) Ling, G. N., Ochsenfeld, M.M. and Karreman, G. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 1807.

(202) Ling,. G. N. and Reisin, I. L. 1973 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 5: 183.

(203) Caille, J. P. and Hinke, J. A. M. 1974 Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52: 814.

(204) Abetsedarskaya, L. A., Miftakhutdinova, J. G. and Fedotov, V. D. 1968 Biofizika 13:

630; Biophysics (English Transl.) 13: 750.

(205) Finch, E. D. , Harmon, J. F. and Muller, B. H. 1971 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 147: 299.

(206) Walter, J. A. and Hope, A. B. 1971 Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 24: 497.

(207) Bunch, W. H. and Kallsen, G. 1969 Science 164: 1178.

(208) Ling, G. N. 1987 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 19: 199.

(209) Miyamoto, V. Ê., and Thompson, Ò. E. 1967 J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 25: 16.
Miyamoto, V. Ê. 1966 DC Electrical Properties of Lipid Bilayer Membranes, Ph.D Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

(210) Andreoli, T. E., Bangham, J. A. and Tosteson, D. C. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 1729.
Andreoli, Ò. E., Tiffenberg, M. and Tosteson, D. S. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 2527.

(211) Ling, G. N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1986 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 18: 109.

(212) Stillman, I. M., Gilbert, D. L., and Robbins, M. 1970 Biochem. Biophys. Acta 203: 338.

(213) Maloff, B. L., Scordillis, S. P., Reynold, C. and Tedeschi, H. 1978 J. Cell Biol. 78: 199.

(214) Fleischer, S., Fleischer, B. and Stoeckenius. W. 1967 J. Cell Biol. 32: 193.

(215) Napoliano, L„ Le Baron, F., and Scaletti, J. 1967 J. Cell Biol. 34: 817.
Morowitz, H. J., and Terry, T.M. 1969 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 183: 276.

(216) Fox, S. W. 1973 Naturwissenschatten. 60: 359.

(217) Ling, G. N. 1973 Biophys. J. 13: 807.

(218) Ling, G. N. 1953 Proc. 19th Intern. Physiol. Congr., Montreal, Canada, p. 566.

(219) Ling, G. N. 1955 Amer. J. Phys. Med. 34: 89.

(220) Epstein, E. and Hagen, C.E. 1952 Plant Physiol. 27: 457.

(221) Conway, E., J. and Duggan, F. 1958 Biochem. J. 69: 265.

(222) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1965 Biophysical J. 5: 777.

(223) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1970 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 2: 189.

(224) Muller, P. 1975 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 264: 97.

(225) Ling, G.N. 1981 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 13: 356.
Ling, G.N. 1990 Scanning Microscopy 4: 723.

(226) Koefoed-Johnson, V. and Ussing, H.H. 1958 Acta Physiol. Scand. 42: 298.

(227) Maddrell, S.H.P. in Membrane Transport in Biology Vol. 3, pp. 250-251 (G. Giebisch, ed.) Springer, New York, p. 239.

(228) Spring, K.R. and Giebisch, G. 1977 J. Gen Physiol. 70: 307.

(229) Morel, F. 1961 in Proc. Intern. Congr. Nephrology, Karger, Basel, p. 16.

(230) Hodgkin, A.L. and Katz, B. 1949 J. Physiol (London) 108: 37.

(231) Goldman, D.E. 1943 J. Gen. Physiol. 27: 37.

(232) Bernstein, J. 1912 Elektrobiologie, F. Vieweg und Sons, Braunschweig.

(233) Hodgkin, A.L. and Katz, B. 1949 J. Physiol. (London) 109: 240.

(234) Adrian, R. H. 1956 J. Physiol. (London) 133: 631.

(235) Hodgkin, A. L. and Horowicz, P. 1960 J. Physiol. (London) 153: 404.

(236) Hodgkin, A.L. 1958 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B 148: 1.

(237) Katz, Â. 1966 Nerve, Muscle and Synapse, McGraw Hill, New York.

(238) Kernan, R.P. 1970 in Membranes and Ion Transport, Vol. 1 (E. E. Bittar ed.) Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 395.

(239) Baur,E. 1913 Z. Elektrochem. 19:590.

(240) Akaike, N. 1975 J. Physiol. (London) 245: 499.

(241) Baur, E. and Kronmann, S. 1917 Z. physik. Chem. 92: 81.

(242) Ehrensvard, G. and Sillen, L. G. 1938 Nature 141: 788.

(243) Colacicco, G. 1965 Nature 207: 936.

(244) Ling, G. N. 1966 Fed. Proc. (Symposium Issue) 25: 958.

(245) Ling, G. N. 1959 Fed. Proc. 18: 371.

(246) Edelmann, L.1973 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 534.

(247) Ling, G.N. <http://www.gilbertling.org>

(248) Ling, G.N. 1979 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 11: 59.

(249) Armstrong, Ñ. Ì. 1975 in Membranes: A Series of Advances. Vol. Ill (G. Eisenman ed.) Academic Press, New York, p. 325.

(250) Hille, Â. 1975 in Membranes: A Series of Advances. Vol. Ill (G. Eisenman, ed.) Academic Press, New York, p. 255.

(251) Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A. F. 1952 J. Physiol. (London) 116: 449.

(252) Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A. F. andKatz, Â., 1952 J. Physiol. (London) 116: 424.

(253) Hodgkin, A.L. and Huxley, A. F. 1945 J. Physiol. (London) 104: 176.

(254) Shores, L. 1961 Collier's Encyclopedia Vol. 16, p. 217 Cromwell-Collier Publ. Co., New York.

(255) Chandler, W. K. and Meves, D. E. 1965 J. Physiol (London) 180: 788.

(256) Ling, G.N. 1957 Fed. Proc. 16: 81.

(257) Ling, G. N. 1982 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 14: 47.

(258) Hille, Â. 1968 J. Gen. Physiol. 51: 221.

(259) Hille, Â. 1975 Fed. Proc. 34: 1318.

(260) Stillman, I. Ì., Gilbert, D. L. and Lipidsy, R.J. 1971 Biophys. J. 11: 55a.

(261) Khodorov, Â. 1. 1978 in Membrane Transport Process Vol. 2 (D.T. Tosteson, A. Yu. Ovchinnikov and R. Latorre, eds.) Raven Press, New York, p. 153.

(262) Villegas, R., Blei, Ì. and Villegas, G. Ì., 1965 J. Gen. Physiol. 48: 35.

(263) Hodgkin, A. L. and Keynes, R. D. 1953 J. Physiol (London) 119: 513.

(264) Kushmerick, Ì. J. and Podolsky, R. J. 1969 Science 166: 1297.

(265) Hober, R. 1913 Pflüger's Arch. Ges. Physiol. 150: 15.

(266) Thomson, D. L. 1928 J. Physiol. (London) 65: 214.
Hartree, W. and Hill, A. V. 1921 Biochem. J. 15: 379.

(267) Edelmann, L. 1986 Science of Biological Specimen Preparation, SEM Inc., AMF O'Hare, Chicago, pp. 33-42, Fig. 4.

(268) Levi, H. and Ussing, H.H. 1948 Acta Physiol. Scand. 16: 232.

(269) Robertson, J. D. 1950 Progr. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 10: 343.
Sjöstrand, F.S. 1990 Deducing Function from Structure, Vol. 1: A Different View of Membranes, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 224.

(270) Kushmerick, Ì. J. 1979 Trends Biochem. Sci. Lett. Ed. (TIBS) 3: N210.

(271) Ling, G.N. 1979 Trends Biochem. Sci. Lett. Ed. (TIBS) 4: N134.

(272) Lohmann,K. 1929 Naturwissenschaften 17: 624.
————. 1931 Biochem. Z. 233: 460.

(273) Lehninger, A.L. 1975 Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Worth Publishers, New York.

(274) Jones, A. W. 1965 Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

(275) Minkoff, L. and Damadian, R.V. 1973 Biophys. J. 13: 167.
————. 1974 Biophys. J. 14: 69.

(276) Ling,. G. N. and Cope, F. W. 1969 Science 163: 1335.

(277) Crank, J. 1956 The Mathematics of Diffusion, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

(278) Bradley, R.S. 1936 J. Chem. Soc. 1936: 1799.

(279) Ling, G. N. and Bohr, G. 1970 Biophys. J. 10: 519 .

(280) Ling, G. N. and Bohr, G. 1971 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 3: 573.

(281) Skou.LC. 1965 Physiol. Rev. 45: 596.

(282) Edelmann, L. 1991 Scan. Microsc. 5: S-75.

(283) Engelhardt, V. A. and Ljubimova, M.N. 1939 Nature 144: 668.

(284) Morales, Ì. and Botts, J. 1953 Disc. Farad. Soc. 13: 125.

(285) Temer, Ñ., Eggleston, L. V. and Krebs, H.A. 1950 Biochem. J. 47: 139.

(286) Koechlin, B.A. 1955 J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1:511.

(287) Goody, R.S., Hofmann, W. and Mannherz, H.G. 1977 Europ. J. Biochem. 78: 317.
Cardon, J. W. and Boyer, P.D. 1978 Europ. J. Biochem. 92: 443.

(288) Lowey, S. and Luck, S.M. 1969 Biochem. 8: 3195.
Marsh, D.J., De Bruin, S.H. and Gratzer, W. B. 1977 Biochem. 16: 1738.

(289) Ling,. G. N. 1981 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 13: 29.

(290) Ling, G.N. and Woodbury, W. 1949 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 34: 407.
Coraboeuf, E. and Weidemann, S. 1954 Helv. Physiol. Acta 12: 32.

(291) Hodgkin, A. L. and Katz, B. 1949 J. Physiol. (London) 109: 240.

(292) McDonald, J. S. 1900 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 67: 310.
Curtis, H. J. and Cole, K. S. 1942 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 19: 135.
Ling, G.N. and Gerard, R. W. 1950 Nature 165: 113.

(293) Huxley, A.E. and Stampfli, R. 1951 J. Physiol. (London) 112: 496.

(294) Nastuk, W. L. and Hodgkin, A. L. 1950 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 35: 39.

(295) Ling, G. N. 1980 in Cooperative Phenomena in Biology (G. Karreman, ed.) Pergamon Press, New York.

(296) Ling, G. N. and Walton, C. L. 1976 Science 191: 295 .

(297) Miller, Ñ. and Ling, G. N. 1970 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 2: 495.

(298) Luyet, B. and Rapatz, G. 1956 Biodynamica 8: 1.

(299) Odeblad, E., Bhar, B. N. and Lindstrom, G. 1956 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 63: 221.
Bratton, Ñ. Â. Hopkins, A. L. and Weinberg, J. W. 1965 Science 147: 738.

(300) Cope, F. W. 1969 Biophys. J. 9: 303.

(301) Hazlewood, C.F., Nichols, B. L. and Chamberlain, N. F. 1969 Nature 222: 747.
Hazlewood, Ñ. F. 1979 in Cell Associated Water (W. Drost-Hanson and J.S. Clegg, eds.) Acad. Press, New York, p. 165.
Hazlewood, C.F. 1973 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 593.

(302) Damadian,R. 1971 Science 171: 1151.

(303) Kaatze, U. 1975 Adv. Molecular Relaxation Process 7: 71.

(304) Rorschach, H. E. 1984 in Water, Ions in Biological Systems, ( V. Vasilescu Ed.) Plenum Press, New York.

(305) Kleinfield, S. 1985 A Machine Called Indomitable, Times Books, New York. <http://www.fonar.com>.

(306) Ling, G.N., Ochsenfeld, M.M.,Walton, C. and Bersinger, T.L 1980 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 12:3.
Ling, G. N., Walton, C. and Bersinger, T. J. 1980 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 12: 111.

(307) Ling, G. N., Walton, C.L. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1981 J. Cell. Physiol. 106: 385.

(308) Lamarck, J. B. 1830 Philosophic zoologique au exposition des considérations relatives à l 'histoire des animaux (Paris, Nouvelle éd.) (First published in 1809). 1: 403.
Landrieu, Ì. 1797 Lamarck p. 161, excerpting his Memoires de physique et d'histoire naturelle.

(309) Hall, T. S. 1969 Ideas of Life and Matter. Studies in the History of General Physiology: 600 B.C.-1900 A.D., Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Vol. 1.

(310) Hill, D. K. 1962 J. Physiol. (London) 164: 31.

(311) Renkin, E.M. 1954 J. Gen. Physiol. 38: 225.

(312) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1973 Science 181: 78.

(313) Ling, G. N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1973 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 325.

(314) Ling, G. N., Baxter, J. D. and Leitmann, M.I. 1984 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 16:405.

(315) Chambers, R. 1922 J. Gen. Physiol. 5: 189.

(316) MacDonald, J.S. 1900 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 67: 310.

(317) Ling, G.N. 1981 Die Zeile. Struktur und Funktion (H, Metzner, ed.), 3rd ed., Wissenschft. Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 356-389.

(318) Meyerhof, 0. and Lohman, K. 1932 Biochem. Z. 253: 431.

(319) Teunissen, P. H. and Bungenberg de Jong, H.G. 1949 Kolloid Beih. 48: 33.

(320) Collander, R. 1959 in Plant Physiology, vol. 2 (F.C. Steward, ed.) Academic Press, New York, p.3.

(321) Bungenberg de Jong, H. G. 1932 Protoplasma 15: 110.

(322) Perutz.M. 1978 Science 201: 1189.

(323) Muller, 0. F. 17S6 Animalcula infusioria, Hausiae.

(324) Lepeschldn, W.W. 1930 Protoplasma 9: 269.
Duclaux, J. 1934 Actualités scientif., Herman edit., Paris, 127, pp. l^t3.
Guilliermond, A. 1941 Chron. Botan. Co., Mass., pp. 1-246.
Oparin,A.1.1941 The Origin ofLife on the Earth (in Russian), Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 1-268.

(325) Lepeschkin, W.W. 1936 Biodynamica 19: 1.

(326) Schneider, D. 1997 Scientific American 276: 3.

(327) Edelmann, L. 1989 Scan. Microsc. Suppement 3: 241.

(328) Page, L. and Adams, N.I. 1931 Principles of Electricity. An Intemediate Text in Electricity and Magnetism, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. New York.

(329) Perutz, M. F., Muirhead, H., Cox, J.M., Goaman, L.C.G., Mathews, F.S., McGandy, E.L., and Webb, L. E. 1968 Nature 219: 29.
Perutz, M.F. 1969 Proc. Roy. Soc. B173: 113.

(330) Sollner, Ê., Abrams, I. and Carr, C. W. 1941 J. Gen. Physiol. 24: 467; 25: 7.

(331) Neville, M.C. 1973 Ann. NY Acad.Sci. 204: 538.

(332) Kizel', A.P. 1940 The Chemistry of Protoplasm (Khimiya protoplasmy), Moscow-Leningrad, pp.1-624.
Nasonov, D.N. and Alexandrov, V. Ya. 1940 The Reaction of Living Matter to External Agencies, Moscow pp. 1-252.

(333) Dean, R. 1941 Biol. Symp. 3: 331.

(334) Jacobson, Â. 1955 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77: 2919.

(335) Mendelsohn, E. 1963 Cell Theory and the Development of General Physiology, Arch. intern. d'histoire de sciences 6: 419.

(336) Ling, G.N. and Kromash, M.H. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 677.

(337) Lewis, G.N. 1923 Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules, Chemical Catalogue, New York.

(338) Hammett, L.P. 1970 Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill, New York.
Branch, G.E.K. and Calvin, M. 1941 The Theory of Organic Chemistry, An Advanced Course, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Dewar, M.J.S. 1949 The Electronic Theory of Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, London.
Smith, R.P., Rhee, T. Magee, J. L. and Eyring, H. 1951 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73: 2263.
Ingold, Ñ.Ê. 1953 Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Comell Univ. Press, Ithaca.
Taft, R.W. 1960 J. Phys. Chem. 64: 1805.
Chiang, M.C. and Tai, T. C. 1963 Scientia Sinica 12: 785.
Chiang, M. C. 1987 The Role of Homologous Linearity of Organic Compounds, Science Press, Beijing.

(339) Mattson, J. and Simon,. M. 1995 The Pioneers of NMR and Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: The Story of MRI, Bar-ilan Univer. Press and Dean Books Co., Jericho, NY.

(340) Ling, G.N. and Tucker, M. 1980 J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 64: 1199.
Ling, G. N. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 511.
Ling, G.N., Kolebic, T. and Damadian, R.V. 1990 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 22: 1.

(341) Hodgkin, A. L. 1971 The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse, Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool.

(342) Baker, P. F. and Shaw, T. I. 1965 J. Physiol. (London) 180: 424.

(343) Schultz, R. D. and Asunmaa, S. KL. 1969 Recent Progr. Surf. Sci. 3: 291.

(344) Jain, M. Ê. 1972 The Bimolecular Lipid Membrane: A System, Van Nostrand-Rheinhold, New York.

(345) Burger, A. 1960 Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.

(346) Cohen, l.B. 1985 Revolution in Science, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.

(347) Engelmann, T.W. 1873 Pflügers Arch.ges. Physiol. 7: 33, 155.

(348) <http://www.gilbertling.org/lp 11 .htm>

(349) <http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/peerrev.htm>

(350) <http://www.gilbertling.org/lpl2.htm>

(351) Gary-Bobo, C.M. and Lindenberg, A.B. 1969 J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 29: 702.

(352) Rothschuh, K.E. 1973 History of Physiology, (English transl. by G.B. Risse), Krieger Publ.Co., Malabar. Florida.

(353) Ising, E. 1925 Z. Phys. 31: 253.

(354) Landau, L.D. and Lifschitz, E.M. 1969 Statistical Physics, 2nd ed. Pergamon, London.

(355) Dyson, F.J. 1969 Commun. Math. Phys. 12: 91.

(356) Griffith, R.B. 1969 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, vol 1, pp. 89-94, Academic Press., New York , p. 7.

(357) Hill, A.V. 1932 Physiol. Rev. 12: 56.

(358) Greenlee, R. T. 2000 Cancer Statistics, 2000, CA, Cancer Journal for Clinicians 50: 7.

(359) Overton, E. 1902 Pflügers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 92: 346.

(360) Nemst, W. 1892 Z. physik. Chem 9: 137.

(361) Bendall, J. R. 1969 Muscles, Molecules and Movement: An Essay in the Contraction of Muscles, Amer. Elsevier Publ. Co, New York.

(362) Lark-Horovitz, K. 1931 Nature 127: 440.

(363) Schrodinger, E. 1944 What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge (Canto Edition 1992).

(364) VanDoren, C. 1991 A History of Knowledge, Past Present and Future, Bird Lane Press/Carol Publ. Group, New York.

(365) Einstein, A. 1956 Out of My Later Years, Wings Books, New York.

(366) Williams, L. P. 1965 Michael Faraday, A Biography, Da Capo Press, Inc., a Subsidiary of Plenum Publ. Co., New York.

(367) Singer, C. 1915 "The Dawn of Microscopic Discoveries", J. Roy. Microsc. Soc. pp. 317-340.

(368) Hooke, R. 1665 Micrographia; or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon, London.

(369) Selye. H. 1978 The Stress of Life, McGraw-Hill, New York (paperback ed.).

(370) Nagy, S., Paál, M., Köszegi, T. Ludány and Kellermayer, M. 1998 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 30: 141.

(371) Infante, A.A., and Davies, R. C. 1962 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 9: 410.

(372) Lundsgaard, E. 1930 Biochem. Z. 227: 51.

(373) Nicolsky, B.P. 1937 Acta Physicochimica. U.R.S.S. 7: 597.

(374) Horovitz,K. 1923 Z. Physik. 15: 369.

(375) Horovitz, Ê. 1925 Z. physik. Chem. 115: 424.
————. 1925 Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Wien, Abt. IIa, 134, 335.

(376) Ling, G. N. 1967 in Glass Electrodes for Hydrogen and Other Cations (G. Eisenman, Ed.) Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp. 284-292.

(377) Ling, G. N. and Fisher, A. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 15: 369.

(378) Menten, M. L. 1908 Trans. Canad. Inst. 8: 403.

(379) Priestley, J. 1767 The History and Current State of Electricity, 1st ed. 2 volumes, London.

(380) Horgan, J. 1996 The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

(381) Ling, G.N. and Bohr, G. 1969 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1: 591.

(382) Conway, E.J. 1957 in Metabolic Aspects of Transport across Cell Membranes (Q. R. Murphy, Ed.) Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise., pp. 107-111.

(383) Pick, A. 1882 Mechanische Arbeit und Wärmeentwickelung bei der Muskelthätigkeit., Brockaus, Leipzig.

(384) Jacobson, B. 1953 Nature 172: 666.

(385) Bemal,J.D. and Fowler, R.H. 1933 J. Chem. Phys. 1: 515.

(386) Forslind, E. 1952 Acta Polytechnica 3 No. 5.

(387) Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1957 Bioenergefics, Acad. Press, New York.

(388) Klotz, I.M. 1958 Science 128: 815.

(389) Chambers, R. and Hale, H.P. 1932 Proc. Roy. Soc (London) Ser. Â 110: 336.

(390) Wilde, W.S. and O'Brien, J.M. 1953 Proc. 19th Intern. Physiol. Congr., Montreal, p. 889.

(391) Ernst, E. and Hazlewood, C.F. 1978 Inorg. Persp. Biol. & Med. 2: 27.

(392) Edelmann, L. 1984 Scann. Electron Microsc. II; 875.
————. 1989 Scann Microsc. Suppl. 3: 241.
————. 1991 J. Microsc. 161: 217-228, p. 219, p. 226.

(393) Cannon, Ñ. G. 1955 Mikrochim Acta 2-3, 555.

(394) Mizushima, S., Tsuboi, M., Shimanouchi, Ò., and Tsuda, Y. 1955 Spectrochimica. Acta 7: 100.

(395) Bamford, C.H., Elliott, A. and Hanby, W.E. 1956 Synthetic Polypeptides, Preparation, Structure and Properties, Acad. Press, New York, pp. 197-199.

(396) Wolfenden, W. 1978 Biochem. 17: 201.

(397) Klotz, I. M. 1973 Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 226: 18.
Aizono, Y., Roberts, J.E., Sonnenberg, M. and Swislocki, N. I. 1974 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 163: 634.
Imae, Ò., Fasman, G.D., Hinkle, P.M. and Tashjian, A.H. 1975 Bioch. Biophys, Res. Comm. 62: 923.

(398) Ling, G. N. and Fu, Y. 1988 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 20: 61.

(399) Ernst, E.., Tigyi, J. and Zahorcsek, A. 1950 Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1: 5.
————. 1951 Acad. Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 2: 78.

(400) Hagen, R.D. 1986 Windows to the Origins, Naval Research Reviews 38: 4.

(401) Michaelis, L. 1926 Naturwissenschaften 14: 33.

(402) Fujita,A. 1926 Biochem. Z. 179: 18.

(403) Collander, R. and Barlund, H. 1933 Acta Botan. Fermica. 11:1.

(404) Woolf, H. B. (Editor-in-Chief) 1977 Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, G.C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass.

(405) Andreoli, T. E., Bangham, J. A. and Tosteson, D.C. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 1729.

(406) Muller, P. Rudin, D.O., Tien, H. T. and Wescott, W.C. 1962 Nature 194: 979.
————. 1963 J. Phys. Chem 67:534.
————. 1964 Rec. Prog. Surface Sci. 1: 379.

(407) Tien, H. T. 1967 J. Phys. Chem. 71: 3395.
Cherry, R. J. and Chapman, D. 1969 J. Mol. Biol. 40: 19.

(408) Cole, K.S. 1932 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 1:1.

(409) Harvey, E. N. 1931 Biol. Bull. 60: 67.

(410) Ueda, Ò., Muratsugu, M., Inoue, I. and Kobatake, Y. 1974 J. Mol. Biol. 18: 177.

(411) Inoue, I., Ueda, Ò., and Kobatake, Y. 1973 Bioch. Biophy. Acta 298: 653.

(412) Wood, E.H., Collins, D.A. and Ìîå, G.K. 1940 Amer. J. ,Physiol. 128: 635.

(413) Miyake, M„ Inoue, I. and Kobatake, Y. 1973 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 323: 367.

(414) Inoue, I., Ishida, N. and Kobatake, Y. 1973 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 330: 27.

(415) Inoue, I., Ishida, N. and Kobatake, Y. 1974 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 367: 24.

(416) Koppenhofer, E. 1974 Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 347: 71 (R36).

(417) Zwaal, R.A., Roelofson, B. and Colley, C.M. 1973 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 300: 159.

(418) Adrian, R.H. 1956 J. Physiol.(London) 133:631.
Baker, P.F„ Hodgkin, A.L. and ShawJ.l. 1961 Nature 190: 885.
Hagiwara, S., Chichibu, S., Naka, K.I. 1964 J. Gen. Physiol. 48: 163.
Sato, M., Akaike, N. and Nishi, R. 1967 Kumamoto Med. J. 20: 39.

(419) Tobias, J.M. 1950J.Cell.Comp.Physiol.36: 1.
Falk, G. and Gerard, R.W. 1954 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 43: 393.
Grundfest, H., K.ao, C.Y., and Altamirano, M, 1954 J. Gen. Physiol. 38: 245.
Kao, C.Y. 1956 Biol. Bull. 111: 292.
Shaw, F.H. and Simon, S.E. 1955 Austral. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 33: 153.
Koketsu, Ê. and Kimura, Y., 1960 J. Cell. Ñîòð. Physiol. 55: 239.
Tasaki, I., and Takenaka, T. 1964 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 52: 804.
Hazlewood, C.F. and Nichols, B.L., 1969 Johns Hopkins Med. J. 125: 119.
Thomas, R.C. 1972 Physiol. Rev. 52: 563.
Ling, G.N. and Fisher, A. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 369.

(420) Berthelot, M. and Jungfleisch, H. 1872 Ann. Chim. Phys. 26: 396.
Nemst, W. 1891 Z. physik. Chem. 8: 110.

(421) Scheraga, H. A. 1974 Current Topics Biochem. 1973: 1.
Finkelstein, A.V. and Ptitsyn, O.B. 1971 J. Mol. Biol. 62: 613.

(422) Ruhland, W. 1909 Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 46: 1.
————. 1912 Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 51: 376.
Ruhland, W. and Hoffmann, C. 1925 Planta 1:1.

(423) Ling, G.N., Will, S. and Shannon, P. 1969 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1: 355.

(424) Fischer, E. 1906 Ber. dtsch chem. Ges. 39: 530.
————. 1907 Sitzb. kgl. preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1907): 35; (1916): 990.

(425) Ling,G.N.,Walton,C.,andBersinger,T.J. 1980 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 12: 111.

(426) Watt, I.C. and Leeder, J. D. 1964 Trans. Farad. Soc. 60: 1335.

(427) Ling, G. N., Neville, M., Shannon, P. and Will, S. 1969 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1: 42.

(428) Ling, G. N. and Will, S. 1969 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1: 263.

(429) Ling, G. N. and Will, S. 1976 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 8: 115.

(430) Kolber, A. R. and Stein, N. D. 1966 Nature 209: 691.

(431) Trombitas, Ñ. and Tigyi-Sebes, A. 1979 Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14: 271.

(432) Edelmann, L. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15: 337.

(433) von Zglinicki, T. 1988 Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 7: 495.

(434) Somlyo, A. V., Gonzales-Serratos, H., Shuman, H., McClellan, G. and Somlyo, A.P. 1981 J.Cell. Biol. 90: 577.

(435) Wood, R.E„ Wirth, F. P. and Morgan, H. E. 1968 Bioch. Biophys. Acta 163: 171.

(436) Rossini, F.D., Knowlton, J.W. and Johnston, H.L. 1940 J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 24: 369.

(437) Woessner, D.E. and Snowden, B.S. 1973 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 113.

(438) Nathanson, A. 1904 Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 39: 607; 40: 403.

(439) Ling, G.N. 1966 Fed. Proc. (Symposium) 25: 958.

(440) Eastman, Geiling and DeLawder 1961 quoted in Function of the Blood (Macfarlane, R.G. and Robb-Smith, A.H.T.) Academic Press, New York, Fig. 18 in Chapter 1.

(441) Hagiwara, S. 1960 in Electrical Activity of Single Cells (Y. Katsuki, ed.), Igaku Shoin Ltd, Tokyo, p. 145.

(442) Matsuda, Ê. 1960 in Electrical Activity of Single Cells (Y. Katsuki, ed.), Igaku Shoin, Ltd., Tokyo, p.283.

(443) Lassen, U. V. and Rasmussen, B.E. 1978 in Membrane Transport in Biology (D.C. Tosteson, ed.), Vol. 1, Springer Verlag., New York, p.201.

(444) Fischer, E. 1894 Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 27: 2985.

(445) Henri, V. 1902 C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 135: 916.

(446) Dixon, M. and Webb, E.C. 1958 Enzymes, Academic Press, New York.

(447) dark, A.J. 1926 J. Physiol. (London) 61: 547.
————. 1933 The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells, 3rd ed., Edward Arnold, London.
————. 1937 Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 27: 375.

(448) Ariens, E.J., van Rossum, J.M. and Simonis, A.M. 1956 Arzneimittel-Forsch. 6: 282, 611, 737.

(449) Bowen, W. J. and Kerwin, Ò.Î. 1955 Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 89:

(450) Mommaerts, W.F.H.M. and Green, I. 1954 J. Biol. Chem. 208: 833.

(451) Wakabayashi, M. and Fishman, W.H. 1961 J. Biol. Chem. 236: 996.

(452) Reichard, P., Baldesten, A. and Rutberg, L. 1961 J. Biol. Chem. 236: 1150.

(453) Ling, G. N. 1964 Texas Report Biol. Med. 22: 244.

(454) van Rossum, J. M. and Ariens, E. J. 1958 Arch. Intern. Pharmacodynam. 118: 393.

(455) Kühne, W. 1878 Unters. physiol. Inst. Univ. Heidelberg, 1: 291.

(456) Cohen, G. N. and Monod, J. 1957Bact.Rev.21: 169.

(457) Saladino, A.J., Bentley, P. J. and Trump, B.F. 1969 Amer. J. Pathol. 54: 421.

(458) Noonan, T.R., Fenn, W.O. and Haege, L. 1941 Amer. J. Physiol. 132: 612.

(459) Woods, A. 1820 Athenae Oxonienses, "new" ed. , London 4: col. 628.

(460) Brisseau de Mirbel, C.F. 1809 Exposition de la théorie de l 'organisation Végétale, Paris.

(461) Treviranus, G. R. 1805 Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur für Naturforscher und Aerzte, 3: 233, Göttingen.

(462) Link, H. F. 1809 Grundlehren der Anatomie und physiolgie der Pflänzen, pp 11-13, Leipzig.

(463) Wilson, J. M. 1944 "Cellular Tissue and the Dawn of Cell Theory", Isis 35: 168.

(464) Manuel, F.E. 1968 A Portrait of Issac Newton, Belknapp Press of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Da Capo Press, Plenum, New York (paper-back ed.).

(465) Solomon, A. K. 1952 J. Gen. Physiol. 36: 57.

(466) Cremer, M. 1906 Z. Biol. 47: 562.

(467) Linderstrom-Lang, Ê.. U. 1924 Compt. rend, trav. lab. Carlsberg, Ser chim 15 No. 7.

(468) Haber, F. and Klemensiewicz, Z. 1911 Z. Physk. Chem. 78: 228.

(469) Kern, W. 1948 Makromol. Chemie 2: 279.

(470) Harkins, W. D. 1945 Science 102: 292.

(471) Freedman, J. Ñ. 1976 Biochem Biophys Acta 455: 989.

(472) Cope, F. W. 1967 J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 1353.

(473) Jardetsky, 0. and Wertz, J. E. 1960 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82: 318.

(474) Berendsen, H. J. C. and Edzes, H. T. 1973 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 204: 459.

(475) Abragam, A. 1961 The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism, Clarendon Press. Oxford.

(476) Cohen, M.H. and Reif, F. 1957 Solid State Physics 5: 321.

(477) Brand, J. Ñ. Ñ. and Speakman, J. C. 1960 Molecular Structure: The Physical Approach Edward Arnold, London.

(478) Ling, G. N. and Zhang, Z. L. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15:251.

(479) Lindblom, G. 1971 Acta Chem. Scand. 25: 2767.

(480) Ling, G.N., Will, S. and Shannon, P. 1969 Physiol. Chem Phys. 1: 355.

(481) Stone, F.W. and Stratta, J.J. 1967 Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, vol. 6, pp.103-145, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York p. 113.

(482) Liebig, J. 1862 Annalen 121: 78.

(483) Davson, H. and Danielli, J.F. 1943 The Permeability of Natural Membranes, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, London.

(484) Beatley, E.H. and Klotz, I. M. 1951 Biol. Bull. 101: 215.

(485) Pauling, L. 1960 The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd Ed., Comell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.

(486) Jost, WE. 1960 Diffusion in Solids, Liquids and Gases, Academic Press, New York.

(487) Skriver, W., Maunsbach, A.B. and Jergensen, P.L. 1980 J. Cell. Biol. 86: 746.

(488) Ling, G. N. 1964 Biopolymers (Biophysics Symposium Issue) 1: 91.

(489) Hodgkin, A.L. and Horowicz, P. 1959 J. Physiol. (London) 148: 127.

(490) Ling, G.N. and Schmolinski, A. 1956 Fed. Proc. 15: 120.

(491) Gutknecht, J., Hastings, D.F. and Bisson, M.A. 1978 in Membrane Transport in Biology, Vol. 3 , pp. 125-170 (G. Gibiesch ed.) Springer Verlag, New York.

(492) Brooks, S.C. 1939 J. Cell. Ñîmð. Physiol. 14: 383.
————. 1940 Cold Spring Harbour Symp. Quant. Biol. 8: 171.

(493) Chance, Â. andYoshioka, Ò. 1966 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 117: 451.

(494) Lardy, H. A. and Graven, S. N. 1965 Fed. Proc. 24: 424.

(495) Pressman, B.C. 1965 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 53: 1076.

(496) Ling, G.N. 1981 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 13: 29.

(497) Falcone, A.B. and Hadler, H. I. 1968 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124: 91.

(498) Gylkhandanyan, A. V., Evtodienko, Yu. V., Zhabotinsky, A.M. and Kondrashova, M. N. 1976 FEBS Lett. 66: 44.

(499) Hopfer, U., Lehninger, A. L. and Lenarz, W. J. 1970 J. Biol. Med. 2: 41.
Ohki, S. 1972 Biocheim. Biophys. Acta 282: 55.
MacDonald, R.C. and Bangham, A.D. 1972 J. Memb. Biol. 7: 29.

(500) Bumstock, G. 1958 J. Physiol. (London) 143: 183.

(501) Martell, A.E. and Smith, R. M. 1974 Critical Stability Constants, Vol. 1, Amino Acids, Plenum Press, New York.

(502) Ling, G.N., Walton, C. and Ling, M.R. 1979 J. Cell. Physiol. 101: 261.

(503) Ling, G. N., Walton, C. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1983 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 15:379.

(504) Abood, L.G., Koketsu, K. and Noda, K. 1961 Amer. J. Physiol. 200: 431.
Koketsu, Ê. 1966 Pers. Biol. Med. 9: 54.

(505) Aickin, C. 1986 Ann. Rev. Physiol. 48: 349.

(506) Taft, R.W. 1953 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75: 4231.

(507) Chiang, M. C. and Tai, T.C. 1963 Sci. Sin. 12: 785.

(508) Eastoe, J. E. 1955 Biochem. J. 61: 589.

(509) Chang, T. and Penefsky, H. S. 1973 J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2746.

(510) Reiser, A. 1959 in Hydrogen Bonding (D. Hadzi and H. W. Thomspon, eds.) Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 443^147.

(511) Kossiakoff, A. and Harker, D. 1938 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60: 2047.

(512) Coulson, C.A. 1959 in Hydrogen Bonding (D. Hadzi and H. W. Thompson, eds.) Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 339-360.

(513) Burawoy, A. 1959 in Hydrogen Bonding (D. Hadzi and H. W. Thompson, Eds.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 259-276.

(514) Baur, E. 1913 Zeitshr. f. Elektrochem. 19: 590.

(515) Loeb, J. and Beutner, R. 1913 Biochem. Z. 51: 295, 296.
Beutner, R. 1914 Z. Physik. Chem. 87: 392.

(516) Ling, G.N. and Walton, C. 1975 Physiol. Chem Phys. 7: 215.

(517) Ling, G.N. 1970 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 2: 242.

(518) Michaelis, L. and Perlzweig, W. A. 1927 J. Gen. Physiol. 10: 575.

(519) Ling, G.N. 1967 in Thermobiology (A. H. Rose, ed.) Academic Press, New York, pp. 5-24.

(520) Dawson, W.R. and Schmidt-Nielson, K. 1964 in Handbook of Physiology (D.B. Dill, ed) Amer. Physiol. Soc., Washington pp. 481-192.

(521) Belding, H. S. 1967 in Thermobiology (A. H. Rose, ed.) Academic Press, New York, pp. 479-510.

(522) Hammett, L.P. 1940 Physical Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill, New York.

(523) Tasaki, I. and Iwasa, K. 1980 Biol. Bull. 159: 494.
Tasaki, I. Iwasa, K. and Gibbons, R.C. 1980 Jap. J. Physiol. 30: 897.

(524) Tasaki, I and Byme, P.M. 1994 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 26: 101.

(525) Nakao, M., Nakao, Ò., Yamtzoe, S. and Yoshikawa, H. 1973 J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 49: 487.

(526) Arist. Metaph. 983b.

(527) McKie, D. 1952 Antoine Lavoisier, Da Capa Press, a Subsidairy of Plenum Publ. Co., New York.

(528) Dubos, R. 1950 Louis Pasteur; Free Lance of Science, Da Capa Press, a subsidiary of Plenum Publ. Co. New York.

(529) Bronowski,J. 1973 The Ascent of Man, Little, Brown & Co., Boston.

(530) Ling, G. N. 1994 Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 26: 121.

(531) Weissbluth, M. 1974 Hemoglobin: Cooperativity and Electronic Properties, Springer Verlag, New York.

(532) McBain, J. W. 1932 The Sorption of Gases and Vapors by Solids, George Routledge and Sons, London.

(533) de Boer, J, H, and Zwikker, C. 1929 Z. Physik. Chem. B3: 407.

(534) Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H. and Teller, E. 1938 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60: 309.

(535) Mellon, E.F., Kom, A.H. and Hoover, S.R. 1948 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70: 3040.

(536) Perutz, M.F. 1969 Proc. Roy. Soc. B173: 113.

(537) von Helmholtz, H. 1881 in: The Modern Development of Faraday's Conception of Electricity, The Faraday Lecture, delivered before the Fellows of the Chemical Society in London on April 5,1881.

(538) Schultze, H.E. and Heremans, J.F. 1966 Molecular Biology of Human Proteins, Vol 1, Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, p. 4.

(539) Schatzmann, H, J, 1953 Helv. Physiol. Pharmecol. Acta 11: 346.
Dunham, E.T. and Glynn, I. M. 1961 J. Physiol. (London) 156: 274.
Bonting, S.L. and Caravaggio, L.L. 1963 Arch. Biochem. Biophys 101: 37.
Bonting, S. L. in Membrane and Ion Transport, Vol. 1 (E.E. Bittgar, ed.) Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 257.

(540) Ling, G.N. and Palmer, L. 1972 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 4: 517.

(541) Yang, C.N. 1972 in Phase Transition and Critical Phenomena (C. Domb and M.S. Green eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1—5.

(542) Quinke, G. 1898 Ann. Physik 64: 618.

(543) Ling, G. N. 1979 in The Aqueous Cytoplasm ( A.D. Keith, ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York.

(544) Kom, E.D. 1978 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 75: 588.

(545) Ingber, D.E. and Folkman, J. 1989 in Cell Shape, Determinants, Regulation and Regulatory Role (W.D. Stein and F.B. Bronner, eds.) Academic Press, San Diego.

(546) Fischer, M.H. and Moore, G. 1907 Amer. J. Physiol. 20: 350.

(547) Ling, G.N. <http://www.gilbertling.org/lpl2.htm>

(548) Lauffer, M.A. 1975 Entropy-Driven Processes in Biology: Polymerization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Proteins and Similar Reactions, Springer Verlag. New York.

(549) Ling, G.N. and Ochsenfeld, M.M. 1977 Physiol. Chem. Phys. 9: 427.

(550) Ling, G.N. 1957 in Metabolic Aspects of Transport across Cell Membranes (Q.R.. Murphy, ed.) Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise., pp. 181-186.

(551) Bruno, L.D. 2001 Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.), January 15, p. C-17, Section "Not for Profit."

(552) Haseltine, E. 2000 Discover (Twentieth Anniversary Issue), October Issue, p. 84.

(553) Shute, N., 2001 U.S. News and World Report, February Issue p. 44.

(554) McQueen, A. 2000 The Philadelphia Inquirer June 28, page A4 C.

(555) <http://project2061.aaas.org/newsinfo/press/rl000627.htm>

(556) Dawson, R. 1981 Confucius, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

(557) Lyster, R.L.J. 1955 Ph.D. Thesis, Cambridge University Cambridge, England. Rossi-Fanelli, A., Antonini, E. and Caputo, A. 1984 Adv. Protein Chem. 19:73. 

Ðàçäåëû êíèãè
"Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology":

Contents (PDF 218 Kb)
Preface (
PDF 155 Kb)
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!) (
PDF 120 Kb)
Introduction

1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology
3. How the Membrane Theory Began
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist
7. Legacy of the Nearly Forgotten Pioneers
8. Aftermath of the Rout
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents
16. Summary Plus
17. Epilogue 

A Super-Glossary

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures, Tables and Equations
References (
PDF 193 Kb)
Subject Index
About the Author

Íà ñòðàíèöó êíèãè "Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level..."
Íà ñòðàíèöó "Gilbert Ling"
Íà ãëàâíóþ ñòðàíèöó

Âñå ìàãàçèíû ïàðôþìåðèè â Êèåâå äëÿ æåíùèí. . âàêàíñèè â Ñèìôåðîïîëå
Hosted by uCoz