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a, See a-value.
A-band, 66, 67
a-value, 65
α-helical conformation, 257
acid dissociation constant, 64, 140, 145, 159, 161, 256
actin, 154, 185, 192, 245, 246, 248
action potential, 23, 128, 136, 157, 191, 211, 221, 224, 226-232, 255, 265
active transport, 112, 203-209, 264
ADP, 109, 111, 169, 170, 206
adrenaline, 209, 223, 224, 258
adsorption staining method, 70
adsorption-desorption route, 120-123, 134, 199, 206, 230, 264
AI Hypothesis, See association-induction hypothesis.
alkali-metal ion, 50, 55, 62, 120, 140-143, 186, 203
amino-acid sequence, 143, 248
apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient (p-value), 88, 89, 96, 100
arginine residue, 50, 143, 270
association-induction hypothesis, 47, 52, 83, 135, 143, 167, 242
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
adsorbed, 102
as cardinal adsorbent, 167, 179
as EWC, 168, 170, 184, 185, 203, 258, 280
as principal cardinal adsorbent, 151, 258
as Queen of cardinal adsorbents, 168, 186
binding on myosin, 168-169
congruous anions and Protein X, as "helpers" of, 153, 245
control of enzyme activity, 176, 177
control of Na+ efflux, 197-198
control of Na+ permeability, 198
effect of, on β- and γ-carboxyl groups, 113, 185, 190, 203
effect of, on backbone carbonyl groups, 185, 203
effect on oscillatory ion exchange, 208
effect of, on salt-linkages, 50, 201-203
effect of, on swelling, 201-203, 259
effect of, on water polarization-orientation, 113, 114, 183, 191
high energy phosphate bonds in, 109, 110, 111, 112
in active transport, 205, 206, 264
in death, 268, 269
in life activities, 234
in maintaining resting living state, 152, 185, 202, 245, 258
congruous anions and Protein X, as "helpers" of, 153, 245
vs. K+ level, 56, 69-70, 71-73
vs. Na+ level, 69, 183, 205
ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), 25, 110-112, 152, 167, 169, 176
aurovertin, 169, 170
autocooperative transition, 85, 165, 168, 172, 174
autoradiography, 66, 72
axoplasm, 26, 27, 88, 112
β- and γ-carboxyl groups
adsorption-desorption route of entry via, 134
alkali-metal ions, rank order of adsorption on, 51, 52, 230, 258
as proximal sites, 170-171
c-value change of, 191, 223-224, 228-229
close-contact adsorption on, 63, 64, 217
concentration in muscle cells, 190, 248
control by EWC, 174
control by ouabain as EDC, 186, 222, 260, 263, 264
effect of azide on, 223
effect of drugs on, 281
high c-value of, on outer surface of frog skin, 205
in active transport, 265
in death, 268
in formation of ionic bonds, 163
in KCl-induced swelling, 201, 259
in generating cell electric potentials, 255-256
in injury-induced swelling, 202, 259
K+ adsorption on, 56, 62, 72, 73, 137, 153
KooNa––>K
of, 222
liberation of, from salt-linkages, 50, 55, 93, 142, 200
Na+ adsorption on, 93, 137, 220, 244, 264
on cell surface, 264
on sheep's wool, 119
on short side chains, 160, 171,
pK of, during action potential, 266
Rb+ adsorption on, 122
β-pleated sheet conformation, 77, 146, 147
Berthelot-Nernst distribution law, 36
BET theory, 79
bifacial cell, 204, 251, 252
billiard type of triplet route, 121
bioelectric potential, 21, 41, 213, 216
Bohr effect, 166
bound water, 26, 37, 38, 100, 164
Bradley isotherm, 79, 80, 81, 282
bulk-phase limited diffusion, 124, 125-127, 252
c-value
across-the-board change of, 171-174, 185, 186, 201-203, 217-218
as keyboard of life, 255
change of, in Bohr effect, 166
change of, in β- and γ-carboxyl groups, 222-224, 263-266
change of, vs. ion selectivity, 140-144, 200, 230, 256-258, 260
change of, vs. swelling, 201-203
definition of, 140-141
c'-value, 141, 143, 171
c-value analogue
as keyboard of life, 255
as target of propagated inductive effect, 257
change during action potential, 231, 266
change in death, 268, 270
change of, on H-bonding partner preference, 171-173, 280
change vs. transient Na potential, 227
control by ATP, 185, 258
control by induction, 161-163
control of bulk-phase water, 147-148, 171
expression depends on close-contact, 217-218
in control of protein folding, 143, 144
vs. entropy change, 166
c'-value analogue, 171, 172, 173
Ca++, 27, 138, 167, 191, 228
capillary condensation, 79
carbonyl groups
as proximal site, 171
alternative H-bond partners of, 148
control by, 185, 258
control of water polarization vs. a-helix, 147, 174
c-value analogue of, 148, 171
c-value analogue, control of, 163, 166, 171, 174
c-value analogue, changes of, 227, 266, 268
electron density of, 148, 171
importance of close contact, 217
in collodion electrode potential, 216
in CG electrode potential, 218
polarizability of, 146
cardinal adsorbent
ADP as electron-donating, 170
ATP as principal, 114, 151, 153, 258
ATP as electron-withdrawing, 168, 169, 172-173, 202, 203, 205-206, 258, 280
azide as electron-donating, 224
classification of, as EDC, EIC, EWC, 167-168
control of cooperative transition, 166
control, one-on-many remote, 171
DNP as electron-donating, 223
drugs, hormones, ATP, Ca++ as, 167
lactose permease as, 194
multiple control of, 175-178, 265
ouabain as electron-donating, 259
remote control, 263
valinomycin as electron-withdrawing, 209
cardinal site, 50, 52, 153, 156, 166, 171, 185, 190, 193, 258, 262
carrier theory, 119, 120
cell theory, 6
cellulose acetate membrane, 131-133, 241
central vacuole, 7, 15, 116, 200, 204, 209, 265
centrifugation method, 44, 78
CG electrode, 219, 254
Chiang and Tai's inductive indices, 159
Clark's theory of drug action, 176, 177
close-contact adsorption, 63, 217, 220, 221
close-contact surface adsorption potential, 206, 218, 226
CO group, 75, 77, 153, 170, 172, 174, 228
coacervate, 31, 34, 37, 45, 85-90, 99, 128, 241
a new hypothesis of, 85
coacervation, 31, 85-88, 99, 129
Collander-Barlund's lipoidal filtration theory, 118
collodion membrane, 24, 119, 133, 216, 218, 254
colloid
early definition of, 30
history of, 29
new definition of, 84
"non-solvent" water in, 38
prejudice against concept of, 237
water in, 36, 138
competitive inhibition, 62
complex coacervate, 31, 45, 128, 237
conductance, 27, 28, 38, 56, 71, 239
congruous anion, 153, 243, 245, 259, 269, 270
CONH group, 144, 257, 258
cooperative adsorption-desorption pump, 205, 208
cooperative assembly, 84
cooperatively linked protein-ion-water system, 151
copper ferrocyanide, 10, 30, 31, 115
creatine phosphate, 102, 111, 246, 259
cross-word puzzle, 272
cryoprotectant, 98
cytoplasm
as dilute solution, 26-27
as seat of K+ accumulation, 52, 259
as seat of Na+ and sucrose exclusion, 52, 259
evidence for Na,K-ATPase in, 207
removal of, from squid axons, 112
sponge protein in, 207, 264
water diffusion, bulk-phase-limited in, 123
water in, as polarized multilayers, 75
Danielli-Harvey paucimolecular theory, 118
death state, 151-154, 266, 269
Debye dielectric reorientation time, 78
D-effect.152
depolarization
electric polarization and, 151
local, of resting potential, 224
of cell surface water, transient, 227, 265, 270
of cell water, 61, 191, 205, 265-266
of muscle cell water in contraction, 69
D-glucose
adsorption of, control by insulin, 192
distribution of, in muscle, 192, 193
effect on volume of sacs containing extrovert, 106
permeability to, of protected and exposed cells, 251-252
priming for adsorption of, 250
dielectric saturation, 50
diffusion barrier, 14, 17, 20, 42, 114, 115, 116, 131, 134
diffusion coefficient, 27, 57-59, 125, 126, 133, 252
dipole moment, 76, 79
dispersive X-ray microanalysis, 68, 72
double reciprocal plot, 62, 192
drug, 2, 147, 167, 168, 175-178, 224, 259, 280
dynamic structure, 75-77, 81, 118, 239, 247-249, 260
ξ-amino group, 50, 143, 153, 201, 269, 270
ectoplasm, 88
EDC
ADP as, 170, 206
ATP depletion acting as, 263, 280
azide as, 223
definition of, 167, 168
DNP as, 222
ouabain as, in controlling ion selectivity, 186, 260
ouabain as, in controlling ion selectivity of surface sites, 198, 199
ouabain as, on modulating resting living state, 259
effector site, 177, 178
EIC, 167-168, 258
electric potential difference, 21, 23, 59, 60, 213, 216
electrogenic pump, 212, 213
electron density, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 158, 162, 171, 172, 174, 175, 256
electron-donating cardinal adsorbent, 168, 170, 186, 258, 280
electron-donating strength, 145-147, 162, 185, 257
electron-withdrawing cardinal adsorbent, 167, 168, 223
electrostatic field strength, 50, 51, 139
elemental living machine, 152, 246
EMOC, 20, 53, 57, 69
endoplasm, 18, 129, 150
entropy
change of, accompanying coacervation, 85
change of, as cause for salt-link formation in death, 269-279
gain during deoxygenation, 166
gain of, as driving force for (one-stroke) activity, 154
gain of, as driving force for death, 154, 268
gain of, in cell death, 267
low, as cause for exclusion from polarized water, 92
low, in polarized water, 247
low, in resting living state, 151
negative, food provides, 155
of dissociation, 49
rotational, in polarized water, 92
entropy of dissociation, 49, 189, 238
entropy-driven, 151, 154
enzyme, 25, 62, 110, 154, 169, 175, 176, 206
enzyme kinetics, 62, 63
equation I (van't Hoff eq.), 11
equation 2 (osmotic pressure eq.), 101
equation 3 (permeability of frog skin vs. model), 133
equation 4 (eq. of salt-induced swelling), 201
equation 5 (Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman eq.), 211
equation 6 (modified eq. 5), 211
equation 7 (surviving parts of eq. 5), 212
equation 8 (Horovitz eq.), 215
equation 9 (Nicolsky eq.), 215
equation 10 (Ling's original eq. for resting potential), 220
equilibrium phenomenon, 43, 63
état de chose, 149
ethylene glycol, 16, 38, 45, 65, 95, 100, 101, 107, 108, 117, 132, 240, 253
EWC
adrenaline as, 223
ATP as, 168, 206, 258, 280
definition of, 167
function of, 171-174
nerve swelling produced by loss of, 230
resting potential control by, 223
valinomycin as, 209
exclusion intensity, 96-99, 246
extended conformation, 75
extracellular space, 44, 53, 54, 78, 79, 180, 188, 189, 195-197, 259
extrovert model, 77, 80, 84, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102-106, 240, 245, 246, 253
F-effect, 152
field strength, 51, 138, 142, 256, 262
fixed charge system, 121, 136
fluorescence, 161, 169, 170, 185
fluorescence yield, 169, 170
formic acid, 145, 257
free energy of adsorption, 168, 169
free energy of distribution, 92
fully-extended conformation, 31, 75, 84, 114, 147, 239, 245-247, 257, 258
-γ/2, 56, 164-165, 181, 222, 248, 263
gang (of linked sites), 175, 177
gel state, 88
gelatin
as extrovert model, 77, 241
as quintessential colloid, 29-31
coacervate of, 31
distinguishing features of, 84
effect of, on polarization-orientation of water, 248
linear or fully-extended conformation in, 84
reduced solvency following size rule, 88
reduced solvency in coacervate containing, 88
volume of dialysis sac containing, 106
germ plasm, 267
glass electrode potential, 138, 215-217, 220
globular proteins, 31-32, 71, 77, 85
glycolysis, 111,234
Great Wall, 157, 160, 163, 165, 224, 263
guanidyl group, 50, 55, 143, 153, 201, 269-270
half-time of exchange, 252
Hammet's σ constant, 159
H-bonds,144, 163, 257
heat of dephosphorylation, 109
hemoglobin
conformation of, in living cells, 243
NaOH-denatured, Na+ adsorption on, 55
NaOH-denatured, solvency in solution of, 93, 244
native, no ion adsorption on, 55
native, solvency in solution of, 92, 93, 95
oxygen uptake of, agree with theory, 248
oxygen uptake of, autocooperative, 164
role in K+, Na+ distribution in resealed ghosts, 113
salt-linkages in, 55
vapor sorption of, at very high relative vapor pressure, 104
Henry's law, 36, 46
high-energy phosphate bond (~P), 111, 234
Hill coefficient (n), 56
Hodgkin-Huxley theory of action potential, 225, 228, 265
hormone, 147, 180, 194, 250
hydration water, 32, 74, 141
IAA (iodoacetate), 59, 154, 183, 185, 195, 197, 198
iceberg theory,74
I-effect, 152
imbibition water, 36, 236
impulse, 23, 224
inducer, 194
inductive effect
c-value as target of, 160, 256
c-value analogue as target of, 161
in actions of cardinal adsorbents, 167
in control of rank order of ion selectivity, 186
in determining pK, 159
in proteins, 158
in protein folding, 143
initiated by H-bond partner change, 163, 257
initiated by ionic bond change, 163, 257
on strength of H-bonds formed in dimers, 161
transmissivity factor of, 159
influx profile, 123, 124
interfacial tension, 117, 127-129, 133
intrinsic equilibrium constant, 187, 248
introvert model, 77-78, 84, 92, 94, 104-106, 240, 245
ionic bond, 163, 170, 257
ionic theory, 22-23, 210-211, 225-226, 229
ionophore, 209
К channel, 225, 226
K+
adsorbed in cells, 35, 36, 48-52
AI Hypothesis for selective
accumulation of, 136-143
as free ions in cells, 26
association of, with fixed p- and Y-carboxyl groups, 48, 238
concentration of, vs. ATP, 70, 72, 183, 246, 270, 280
concentration of, vs. ouabain, 186
in frog muscle, 62, 109
in ion exchange resins, 120, 136, 189
in red blood cells, 23, 113, 243
membrane-pump theory, experimental testing of, 111, 112, 113
number of, control by one ouabain molecule, 262
on cell swelling, 200
on enzyme activity, 175
oscillatory uptake of, by mitochondria, 208
permeation of, into cells, 63, 122
permeation of, through phospholipid bilayer affected by ionophores, 129
re-accumulation of, in resealed RBC ghosts, 113, 244
role in living state, 152
role in resting potential generation, 209, 210, 217-221
selective cell accumulation of, theory of, 48
KooNa–>j, 248
KooNa––>K, 187, 222-224
К+ -selective microelectrode, 60
K+-surrogate, 68
lac operon, 194
Langmuir adsorption isotherm, 62, 63, 80, 175, 192
latent heat of vaporization, 98, 99
Law of Conservation of Energy, 110, 234
Law of Partition, 36
LFCH, See Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis.
linear conformation of protein, 31, 75
Ling's fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
description of, 47, 237
further development of, into AIH,
history of, 135
results of experimental testing of, 52
living state
active, vs. death state, 154
conformation of proteins in, 245
description of, 150
historical background, 148
modulation of, by ouabain, 259
resting vs. active, 152
role of ATP in maintaining, 168
soft-iron nail-magnet model of, 150
localized adsorption, 49, 214
long-range attributes, 63
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), i, 3, 81-83, 241, 279
membrane potential, 21-23, 47, 77, 206, 209-211, 216, 218, 225, 253, 255, 265
membrane theory
description of, 9, 14, 235
Bernstein's, of cell resting potential, 21
Cremers's, of glass electrode potential, 216
(once widely-believed) crucial evidence for, 26-27
Donnan's, of ion distribution and resting potential, 23
evidence against, 15, 16-17, 52, 109-114
Kamnev's evidence against, 16, 44
of physico-chemical makeup of cell membrane, 115
membrane-pump theory, 2, 3, 9, 105, 112, 148-149, 189, 226, 280
metastable equilibrium state, 267
microelectrode, 60, 61, 71, 237, 239
mitochondria, 131, 133, 208, 223, 251
mitochondrial inner membrane, 241
mobility, 26, 27, 57, 71, 239
molecular switch, 206
molecular volume, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100, 245, 266
MRI, 1, 3, 81-83, 241, 279
mucosal surface, 205-207
muscle contraction, 68, 69
myoglobin, 165, 182
myosin
carries 67% to 80% K+-adsorbing sites, 68, 168, 191
conformation of, in living muscle, 245
free energy of adsorption of ATP on, 168
К+ adsorption on, 66
К+ adsorption on
β- and γ-carboxyl groups of, 185
located in A-bands, 70
most abundant protein in muscle, 168
Na+ adsorption on
β- and γ-carboxyl groups of, 190
Na channel, 225, 226, 228, 265
Na potential, 225, 226, 227
Na,K-activated ATPase, 110, 112, 114, 205, 206
native protein, 31, 50, 55, 56, 93, 103, 143, 240, 243, 245, 251
nearest neighbor interaction energy, 164, 181, 222, 263
negative entropy, 151, 155, 156
NH group, 75, 143, 147, 162, 171-173, 228, 247, 268
Nitella, 18, 87, 116, 128, 149, 204, 207, 209, 252, 265
NMR rotational correlation time, 78
non-solvent water, 32, 38, 100
(NO-NO-NO)n, 86
NP-NP system, 76, 86
NP-NP-NP system, 75, 76, 86, 90
nucleation center, 247, 248
null-point method, 245
O site, 75, 86, 172, 173
Occam's razor, 276
oedema, 36
one-on-one, close-contact adsorption, 63, 72
osmosis, 8, 9, 12, 131
osmotic pressure, 10, 11, 101
osmotically active agents, 102
ouabain, 54, 180, 186-192, 195, 198-199, 212, 222, 258-265, 280
ovarian frog eggs, 123-125, 130, 181, 198, 251
oxidized collodion-coated glass electrode (CG electrode), 219
oxyacid, 51, 140, 141, 143, 230, 256
~P, 110
P site, 75, 79, 86, 98, 239, 249
partial vapor pressure, 79, 102, 108, 253
partially resonating structure, 160
partition coefficient (See q-value.), 213
peer review system, 275
PEG, 65
PEG-8000, 66
PEI, 77
PEO, 77, 96, 103, 106, 245, 253
peptide linkage, 160-163, 171
perfect gas (ideal gas), 11
permanent dipole moment, 79, 80
pharmacology, 167, 175, 177, 258, 275
phase-boundary potential, 214
phlogiston, 233
phospholipid bilayer
theory of cell membrane of, evidence against, 123-131
failed as model of membrane potential, 210
pK, See also acid dissociation constant.
as measure of electron-donating strength, 145, 257
inductive effect on, 158
of ion exchange resins, 137
plasma membrane, 7, 11, 12, 114, 118
Plasmahaut, 11, 115, 118
PM theory
for cell volume, 105-108
low interfacial tension, predicted by, 128-129
summary of, 75, 118
polarizability, 137-143, 146, 162, 262
polarized multilayer theory of cell water, (See PM theory.), 73
polyethylene glycol, 95
poly(ethylene oxide), 106, 107
polypeptide chain, 75, 84, 159-161, 170, 185, 248-249, 263
pre-existence theory, 42
primer, 192-194, 250
proline, 84
Protein-X, 153
protoplasm
as building block of cell, 6
as coacervate, 37
as colloid, 29
definition of (living), 150
droplets of, 18, 34, 128
elemental living machine, 152
extrovert model for, 77, 95, 240
history of discovery, 6
inanimate model of, for one-on-many remote control, 150, 156, 157, 159
KCl-induced swelling of, 200
as physical basis of life, only in living state, 148
long-range energy and information transfer in, 248
NaCl-induced swelling in injured, 208
polypeptide chain as the unique feature of, 159
reduced solvency of, 35-37
suggested affinity for K+ but not for Na+, 35
surface, in action potential, 221
protoplasmic doctrine, 6, 35, 126
protoplast, 7, 14, 15
proximal functional groups, 160, 171, 181
proximal site, 170, 171
PVME, 77, 86- 89, 104, 106, 245, 253
PVP, 77, 89, 90, 104, 245
quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), 78, 84, 240
quenching, 169, 170, 185
q-value (true equilibrium distribution coefficient), 32, 90, 92-97
definition of, 92
of ethylene glycol, 100
of glycine, 194
of Na+, 180, 183
of Mg++, 181
of sucrose, 100, 183
of urea, 100
role in determining permeability, 133
following size rule, 92, 93, 97, 99
ρ-value, 88, 96, 100
radioactive tracer technique, 17
random-coil conformation, 144
rank order of ion selectivity, 139, 230
receptor site, 147, 167, 177, 258
reciprocal plot, 62, 64, 192
red cell ghost, 113, 183
relative vapor pressure, 40, 41, 80, 101-104, 245
resting potential
basic mechanism shared with that for ion distribution, 136
Bernstein's theory of, 21
control of, by adrenaline as EWC, 223, 224
control of, by ouabain as EDC, 222
Donnan's theory of, 22
failure to find inanimate model for membrane theory of, 254
historic background of, 209-212
inanimate model for close-contact surface adsorption theory of, 253-255
Ling's close-contact surface adsorption potential of, 208, 217-219, 264
of protoplasmic droplets, 128
rigor mortis, 155, 270
rotational diffusion coefficient, 78, 84, 240
rotational entropy, 92
salt linkage, 107, 201, 256, 259, 268-270
saltatory route, 120, 134, 194, 198, 206, 259
salt-linkage hypothesis, 50, 55, 238
sarcode.6, 18, 88
saturated hydrocarbon, 159
secondary structure of proteins, 144
semipermeability, 8, 116, 117
semipermeable membrane, 11, 23, 117
serosal membrane, 206, 207, 265
short-range attribute, 63, 72, 217, 220, 262
sigmoid curve, 164
sigmoidity, 164
size rule, 92, 93, 96, 100, 106
sodium azide, 223, 224
sodium pump, 24, 47, 52-54, 109, 110-112, 114, 213, 222, 235, 237
sodium pump hypothesis, 24, 25, 47, 109-111, 114, 179, 237
soma, 267
sponge protein, 206, 264
standing K potential, 225, 227
standing Na potential, 225-227, 265
static structure, 77
statistical mechanics, 96
steady state, 242
subcellular particles, 110
sucrose
antiparallel change in concentration of, in dying muscle, to ATP, 181-183
duffusion coefficient of, in (injured) cytoplasm, 27
accelerated permeability to, during action potential, 231
Kamnev's demonstration of membrane permeability to, 42-45
as (supposedly) impermeant solute, 231-235
in Pfeffer's classic study of osmotic pressure, 27
injured cells do not swell in isotonic solution of, 203
permeability through frog skin correlates with that through model, 133, 240
q-value of, in cell water, 92
q-value of, in solution of NaOH-denatured hemoglobin, 92
q-value of, in solution of native hemoglobin, 92
q-value of, in solution of urea-denatured proteins, 98
straight-line distribution curve of, incompatible with pump, 181
sulfonate group, 119, 137, 190
supercooling, 74
surface component of the polarization energy, 96
surface-limited diffusion, 123
swelling and shrinkage, 78, 105-107, 179
swelling water, 36, 40
switch protein, 206
switching, 169
T1, 81, 82, 189
T1/2, 197, 252
Т2, 81, 82, 189
Taft's induction constant, i, 159, 162
tritiated water, 57, 59, 123, 124
Troshin equation, 46, 180, 181, 237, 250, 251, 282
true active transport, 179, 204, 208, 265, 266
true equilibrium distribution coefficient, 92, 101
Tyndall phenomenon, 30
ultramicroscope, 30
unifacial cell, 114, 194, 204, 250, 251
unifying theory, 47, 276
urea, 26, 38, 45, 77, 98, 100, 101, 106, 239, 240
Us, 96, 98, 100
Uvp, 96, 98, 99, 186, 246, 248
vacuole, 15, 87,200
valinomycin, 120, 129-131, 133, 208, 209
vapor sorption, 78, 103, 240, 245
vesicular membrane, 15, 114, 116, 204
Volta chain, 213
X-ray absorption-edge fine structure, 60
Yang-Ling cooperative adsorption isotherm, 165-166, 186, 221, 283
Z-line, 68, 70, 73, 191
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