Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1

"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Laureate

A Super-Glossary 
for Words, Terms and Basic Concepts Used in the Book

P

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 P

~P: a symbol for a high-energy phosphate bond.

P site: positively-charged site.

ρ-value: ρ is Greek alphabet for r and pronounced rho like in row. See under r section.

paraldehyde: a colorless liquid polymeric modification of acetaldehyde used as a hypnotic.

para-substitution: In a six-membered aromatic nucleus of say, phenol molecule, a substitution of the H atom on the carbon atom that are separated from the OH-bearing carbon atom by two carbon atoms is called a para-substitution. A substitution on the carbon atom separated from the OH-bearing carbon atom by one carbon atom is called a meta-substitution. A substitution on the carbon atom immediately next to the OH-bearing carbon atom is called an ortho-substitution.

pari passu: Latin at an equal rate or pace.

partial molar volume: In a mixture of n1 moles of substance 1 and n2 moles of substance 2, the volume of the mixture is V, and V = n1 V1 + n2 V2 where V1 is the partial molal volume of substance 1 and V2 is the partial molal volume of substance 2.

partially resonating structure: The C-N bond of a polypeptide chain resonates between 60% single bond and 40% double bond structure but the C-C bond is a simple single bond. Therefore as a whole, the polypeptide chain is a partially resonating structure.

partial vapor pressure: According to Dalton's Law of partial pressure, the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the constituent gases. The partial pressure is defined as the pressure each gas would exert if it alone occupies the whole volume of the mixture at the same temperature. Thus the partial vapor pressure is the pressure of water vapor in a mixture of water vapor and the gases of the air.

partition coefficient: the true equilibrium distribution coefficient.

patent system: an official system which offers to an inventor for a term of years the exclusive right to make, use or sell his or her invention.

PCG electrode: short for polylysine-treated collodion-coated glass electrode.

peer review system: a system to evaluate the merit of scientific work or a scientist by a panel of peers and relies on their majority opinion to award or deny.

PEG: poly(ethylene glycol), H(OCH2CH2)nОН, а large water-soluble oxygen-containing polymer.

PEG-8000: PEG with an average molecular weight of 8000.

PEG-4000: short for poly(ethylene glycol) with an average molecular weight of 4000.

PEI: poly (ethylene imine), (CH2NHCH2)n, a large water soluble, nitrogen-containing polymer.

pentose: various monosaccharides that contain five carbon atoms in the molecules Examples, D-xylose.

PEO: poly(ethylene oxide), (CH2OCH2)n, a large water-soluble polymer.

peptide bond: the chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen atom of a peptide linkage.

peptide linkage: the CONH group that unites the amino acid residues in a peptide.

perfect gas: also known as ideal gas, defined as a gas to which the Laws of Boyle, Gay-Lussac, and Avogadro are applicable at all temperatures.

perfused dog gastrocnemius muscle: After cannulating the blood vessels supplying the dog gastrocnemius muscle, a Ringer-Locke solution is used to perfuse the muscle so that the gain and loss of K+ during tetanic contraction of the muscle could be determined from aliquots of the perfusate.

permanent dipole moment: A molecule like H20, due to the asymmetric location of the two positively charged H atoms, is positive on one end and negative on the other end, and for this reason, it possesses a permanent dipole moment.

permeability: the specific property of a membrane or surface which determines the rate of entry or exit of a particular ion or molecule.

permeant: being able to permeate.

permittivity: a scalar quantity ε defined by D = ε E, where D is the (vector electric) displacement and E, the (vector electric) field intensity. The more familiar dielectric constant of a substance is a relative constant, equal to the permitivity of that substance divided by the permitivity of free space.

Permutite: a silicate which acts as an ion exchanger and used as a water softener, giving off Na+ in exchange for Ca2+ or Mg2+.

pH: the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

pharmacology: the science of drugs including materia medica, toxicology and therapeutics.

pharmacon: a drug.

phase transition: The change of liquid water into steam or that of liquid water into solid ice exemplifies the discontinuous changes occurring in a narrow range of temperature called phase transitions. It was recognized early that this type of discontinuous change occurs only in condensed systems and it arises from interaction among large number of the microscopic component(s) of the system. Phase transitions are cooperative phenomena.

phase-boundary potential: the steady electric potential difference across the boundary of two contiguous phases.

phenol group: a hydroxyl group on an aromatic ring, e.g., the OH group of phenol.

phenylalanine: a common a-amino acid found in most protein hydrolysates.

phloem: a complex system in the vascular system in higher plants which is engaged in translocation and in support and storage.

phlogiston: a hypothetical substance presumed to exist in all combustible materials and it is liberated from the material during burning.

phospholipase a (lecithinase a): an enzyme which hydrolyzes the (β-ester bond of zwitterionic glycophospholipids This enzyme is found in cobra venom.

phospholipid bilayer: When a solution of phospholipids in a chloroform-methanol mixture is painted over a loop and the loaded loop then immersed in a salt solution, dispersion of the solvent into the medium eventually thins out the membrane into a bimolecular layer, called phospholipid bilayer.

phospholipid bilayer theory of cell membranes: a theory according to which a phospholipid bilayer forms the continuous phase of all cell membranes.

photoemulsion: a suspension of photosensitive silver salt in a viscous medium (e.g., gelatin solution) It can be applied as a coating onto glass plates carrying specimen "stained" with radioactive materials as in autoradiography.

photon: a quantum of radiant energy.

physiological activities: normal activities of living cells and aggregates of cells.

pinwheel type of triplet route: When an entrant cation, say Rb+, is strongly adsorbed on the fixed anionic site on the cell surface, its entry into the cell is very slow unless it is facilitated by the participation of a second cation, say K+, whose approach to the fixed anion-Rb+ pair lowers the activation energy for the desorption of the Rb+ and entry into the cell. If the activating cation, K+, comes from inside the cell, this triplet route is called the pinwheel type. On the other hand, if the activating K+ comes from the same side the entrant Rb+ came from, namely the outside, the triplet route is called the billiard type. For clarity, only cation entry into the cell is discussed. But the same principle applies to exit of free cation (or even free anion) from the cell as well. (For diagrammatic illustrations, see Fig. 36.)

pith: loose spongy tissue occupying the center of the stem of dicotyledonous plants.

pK: the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant К of an acid or base. See acid dissociation constant.

pKa: same as pK as used in this volume.

pK determination from titration curve: To determine the pK of an unknown acid, one mixes equal volumes of solutions containing a fixed (rather small) amount of the unknown acid and a varying amount of an acid of known concentration. And measure the pH of each of the solutions after equilibrium has been reached. Plotting the amount of acid (as ordinate) against the pH (as abscissa) one obtains the titration (or neutralization) curve of the unknown acid. Now, according to the equation of L.J. Haldane,13 p 1003 pH = pK + log ([salt]/[acid]), where [salt] and [acid] represent respectively the concentration of the acid that has been neutralized (and thus turned into "salt") and the acid that has not been neutralized yet (and thus remains as acid). At the mid-point of the titration curve, [salt] and [acid] are equal (their ratio equal to unity). Since logarithm of one is zero, the pH corresponding to the midpoint of the titration curve is equal to the pK of the acid.

plasma membrane: same as Plasmahaut or cell membrane.

Plasmahaut: the name Wilh. Pfeffer offered in 1877 for what is now called cell membrane Literally it means protoplasmic skin.

PM theory: acronym of the polarized multilayer theory of cell water and model systems.

polarizability: the dipole moment produced by a unit electric field acting on a molecule In the absence of permanent dipoles, the polarizability of a molecule is the sum of separate electronic polarizabilities of its constituent atoms with slight corrections due to the bond structure. When a moment in is induced by a field of intensity, F, the polarizability of the molecule, α, is equal to m/F.

polarization: The total polarization of a molecule possessing a permanent dipole moment (as in water), is the sum of two terms. One, sometimes called distortion polarization, arises from the electric polarization or induction. The other, sometimes called orientation polarization, arises from the orientation of the permanent dipole.

polarization theory, de Boer-Zwikker polarization theory: a theory of multilayer polarization and condensation of noble gas and other molecules on solid surface presenting a checkerboard of positively and negatively charged sites by de Boer and Zwikker {For more details, see [11.2].}

polarized multilayer theory of cell water (PM theory): theory of cell water and model systems introduced by Ling in 1965 as part of the association-induction hypothesis.

polyacrylic acid, poly(acrylic acid): [-CH2CH(COOH)-]n.

polyatomic molecules: molecules containing many atoms.

polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol), PEG: Н(ОСН2СН2)nОН, a water soluble polymer with average molecular weight ranging from 200 to 10,000. PEG-4000, for example, refers to poly(ethylene glycol) with average molecular weight of 4000.

poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, Polyox: (-CH2CH2O-)n, a water soluble polymer.

polyethylenimine, PEI: H(-NHCH2CH2)NH2, water-soluble polymer.

poly-L-glutamate: a polypeptide of (pure) L-glutamic acid.

poly-L-glutamate probe method: a method introduced in 1967 by Ling and Kromash336 for estimating the size of extracellular space in frog muscle and other tissues.

polylysine: polypeptide of pure L-, D- or D,L-lysine.

polylysine-treated-collodion-coated glass electrode, PCG electrode: a glass electrode first coated with collodion and (before it is dried) soaked overnight in a solution of polylysine hydrochloride (3 mg/ml) before drying in 43% humidity provided by a saturated К2СО3 solution.

polymer: a large chemical compound formed by the joining together (polymerization) of a sequence of repeating units called monomers.

polyol, polyhydric alcohols: Unlike sugars which are polyhydroxy aldehydehydes and ketones, polyols contain only alcohol groups. Polyols can be divided into (i) "straight-chain" or acyclic polyols which include ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, D-mannitol and sorbitol; (ii) ring-structured, or alicyclic polyols which include various inositols, e.g., myo-inositol.

polypeptide: a molecular chain of amino-acid residues joined through peptide linkages.

polypeptide backbone, "backbone", backbone: the linked portion of a polypeptide chain exclusive of the side chains, R, R', R" etc. in -NHCOCHR-NHCOCHR'-NHCOCHR''-

polypeptide chain: See polypeptide.

polysaccharide: a large carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides like D-glucose Examples include starch, cellulose, glycogen.

polystyrene sulfonate: Polystyrene, a polymer produced by joining styrene (С6Н5СН2=СН2) monomers into a linear chain, that carries a sulfonate group When polystyrene sulfonate is cross-linked into a three-dimensional network, it becomes one of the earlier form of cation exchange resin (e.g., Dowex 50).

polyvinylmethylether, PVME: (-СН2СНОСН3-)n a water-soluble high molecular weight polymer.

polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP: water-soluble polymer with medium molecular weight of 25,000.

potassium ferrocyanide: K4Fe(CN)62О, yellow crystals soluble in water.

potassium picrate: C6Н2(NO2)3ОK, the potassium salt of picric acid Yellow, reddish or greenish lustrous crystals.

precipitate: a substance, which has separated from a solution or suspension in response to chemical or environmental change, usually in the form of insoluble amorphous or crystalline solids.

preexistence theory: A basic cell physiological theory advocated by Emil DuBois-Reymond (1818-1896) that the cellular resting potential (known at that time only in the form of a grossly diminished and distorted version (aptly) called the injury potential or demarcation potential) exists across the surface of normal resting (nerve and muscle) cells and is not an artifact from injury as DuBois Reymond's student, Ludimar Hermann, asserted in Hermann's alteration theory.

preincubate: to prepare a population of cells (e.g., a muscle) for a specific experimental study, the cells are incubated with shaking prior to the experiment for a length of time in a well-defined environment so that "contaminants" (e.g., insulin) present in the cells originally are removed beforehand and their possible undesirable impact on the experimental results thus forestalled.

primary structure of proteins: describing the kind, number and sequential order of amino-acid residues in a protein.

primer: A concept introduced by Ling, Will and Shannon in 1969480 that to bring about the full accumulation in frog muscles of D-glucose at 0° C, prior incubation of the tissues at a higher temperature (e.g., 25° C) and in the presence of insulin and a sugar like D-glucose, D-xylose at a suitable concentration is essential. D-glucose, D-xylose and five other sugars bearing structural similarity to D-glucose are called primers because their presence are essential for the accumulation of more molecules of similar structures. (Not to be confused with DNA primers in the further formation of DNA production though the underlying mechanisms may bear similarities.)

principal cardinal adsorbent: a cardinal adsorbent like ATP, which has supreme controlling authority.

principle of enhanced association with site fixation: See theory of association through site fixation.

proline: a common α-amino acid found in most protein hydrolysates. Like hydroxyproline, a proline residue in a polypeptide chain or protein cannot form intra-, or intermacro-molecular H bonds because its peptide nitrogen, being a part of a peptide-linked pyrrolidine ring, lacks a (second) H atom.

n-propanol, n-propyl alcohol: СН3СН2СН2СООН.

protein: any one of a group of complex organic nitrogenous compounds, widely distributed in plants and animals, which form the principal constituent of cell protoplasm They are essentially linear combinations of α-amino acids, possessing in each a polypeptide chain.

proteinate: a compound of a protein.

proteinoid microsphere: microscopic spheres of materials containing mostly protein-like materials (see Fig. 5E).

proton: positive ion of (gaseous) hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron. Name given by E. Rutherford from the Greek word, protos meaning "first".

protoplasm: all matter of which life is a manifestation; the ubiquitous and essential material of animal and plant cells.

Protoplasmic doctrine: a principle announced by Max Schultze in 1861 that living cells are a membrane-less lump of protoplasm surrounding a nucleus.

protoplasmic droplet: The more fluid protoplasm like the endoplasm of internodal cells of giant alga Nitella can be "poured out" of the cell through a cut end and collects in an aqueous solution as one or more protoplasmic droplets (for illustration, see Fig. 3b).

protoplast: When a mature plant cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution of sucrose or NaCl, the cell content from the plasma membrane inward shrinks away from the rigid enclosing cell wall. Protoplast is the name von Hanstein gave to the shrunken body of protoplasm thus formed.27 (See Fig. 1B.)

protozoa: the phylum of one-celled animals, usually microscopic in size, which forms the lowest division of the animal kingdom.

proximal functional group: functional groups of a protein molecule, which are on, or close in distance from the polypeptide chain.

proximal site: a site that is close-by (usually measured from the starting point of the polypeptide chain of a protein).

psyche: soul or mind in early Greek philosophy.

Purkinje muscle fiber: any of the modified cardiac muscle fiber that have few nuclei, granulated cytoplasm, sparse peripheral striation and make up a network of conducting tissue in the myocardium.

PVME: See polyvinylmethylether.

PVP: See polyvinylpyrrolidone.

PVP 360: polyvinylpyrrolidone with an average molecular weight of 360,000.

pyrrolidine nitrogen atom: The nitrogen atom of a proline or hydroxyproline residue in a polypeptide or protein is part of the five-membered pyrrolidine ring structure.

Разделы книги
"Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology":

Contents (PDF 218 Kb)
Preface (
PDF 155 Kb)
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!) (
PDF 120 Kb)
Introduction

1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology
3. How the Membrane Theory Began
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist
7. Legacy of the Nearly Forgotten Pioneers
8. Aftermath of the Rout
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents
16. Summary Plus
17. Epilogue 

A Super-Glossary

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures, Tables and Equations
References (
PDF 193 Kb)
Subject Index
About the Author

A Super-Glossary
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