Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1

"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Nobel Laureate

A Super-Glossary 
for Words, Terms and Basic Concepts Used in the Book

R

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R

R-state: relaxed (oxygenated) state of hemoglobin, compared to the tense or deoxygenated T-state.

RT: product of the gas constant R (1.987 cal/degree/mole) and the absolute temperature Т At room temperature of 25°C or 25 + 273 = 298°K, RT, the average kinetic energy of a mole of chemical substance is equal to 1.987 × 298 = 592 cal/mole.

ρ-value: the apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient It differs from the true equilibrium distribution coefficient or q-value in that the p-value may or may not include solute adsorbed or otherwise complexed to proteins or macromolecules in living cells or model systems, whereas the q-value refers exclusively to solute dissolved in the water within living cells or model systems.

radioactive: of, or exhibiting radioactivity, i.e., emitting α-, β- or γ-rays by certain atoms.

radioactive tracer technique: A small amount of a radioisotope of a substance is added to the non-radioactive substances so that the path, reaction, or position of the substance may be followed or detected.

radioisotope: an isotope of an element which is unstable, producing α, β or γ radiation.

raffinose: a trisaccharide containing one each of the following three monosaccharides: D-glucose, D-fructose and D-galactose.

random-coil conformation: the hypothetical conformation of a protein molecule in which the protein molecule in solution behaves like a randomly-moving coiled chain unrestricted by inter- or intra-macro-molecular H bonds.

rank order of ion selectivity: the sequential order in the preference of, say a α-, β- or γ-carboxyl group for members of the alkali metal ions due to a corresponding rank order in their respective adsorption energies.

Rb+: rubidium ion. It is the most strongly adsorbed among 5 alkali-metal ions usually studied on the α-, β- or γ-carboxyl groups within and at the surface of normal resting frog muscle cells.

receptor sites: a chemical group or ensemble of chemical groups which function as a point of contact or engagement for biological signals in the form of drugs, hormones or other cardinal adsorbents.

reciprocal: In this volume and other related scientific literature (see reciprocal plot following), the reciprocal of a concentration s is 1/s.

reciprocal plot: In enzyme kinetics and other related field of quantitative biology and chemistry, the term reciprocal plot means a plot of the variables on the ordinate and abscissa in their respective upside-down inverted form. For example, see Equation A11 in Appendix 1.

rectilinear: characterized by straight lines.

rectilinear distribution curve, significance of: When a plot of the equilibrium concentration of a solute S in a cell or model system against the external concentration of that solute (Sex) shows a straight-line or rectilinear relationship (as in Figs. 24, 26, 27), it indicates that the solute is found only or virtually only in the cell water. Thus existing evidence show that given sufficient time, virtually all solutes investigated enter the cells and are found in the cell water (at concentration, Sin). The Berthelot-Nemst distribution law demands that there is a rectilinear relationship between Sin and Sex. The presence of an additional fraction of adsorbed or complexed S in the cell will as a rule add a "hyperbolic" or sigmoid component making the full plot no longer rectilinear, (See top curves of Fig. 54 and Fig. 59A.)

rectus muscle: a flat muscle extending the length of the abdomen from the xiphoid process of the breastbone or sternum to the pubis In the frog it is a slow muscle, responding to a stimulus by graded contracture.

red blood cells: the oxygen transporting cells of mammalian blood In humans, the red blood cells are shaped like biconcave disks about 7 Ǻ in diameter and 2 Ǻ thick with a depression in the middle.

red cell ghosts: When red blood cells are incubated in a large body of a hypotonic solution, hemoglobin, K+ etc. leave the cells. The largely discolored remains of the red blood cells are called red cell ghosts.

relative vapor pressure: vapor pressure expressed as a percentage of the vapor pressure at full saturation under identical conditions.

relaxation time: the time required for the excess population of individual components of a system at the excited state to fall to 1/e (1/2.718) or roughly 37% of its initial size.

Renaissance: a transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modem times beginning in the 14th century in Italy lasting into the 17th and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influences expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the emergence of modem science.

resealed red cell ghosts: Red blood cells turn into "ghosts" when incubated in a hypotonic solution. If to such a suspension of red cell ghosts is added enough sucrose (and ATP) to restore isotonicity of the solution, the red cells may regain more or less their original size. They are seen by some investigators at least as having resealed the leaky holes in the cell membrane and become resealed red cell ghosts.

residue: When an amino acid is incorporated into a polypeptide or protein that amino acid becomes an amino-acid residue. Examples: glycine residue, lysine residue.

respiratory proteins: proteins of which the primary physiological functions are in facilitating the gaseous exchange between the respiratory organs like the lungs and gills and other body cells remote from these respiratory organs Examples: hemoglobin, hemocyanin.

resting living state: the state of a normal living cell or protoplasm when it is not in activity.

resting potential: the steady electrical potential difference measured across the surface of resting living cells including muscle and nerve.

Rhodnius: genus name of a blood-sucking bug.

ribonucleic acid, RNA: any of the nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components.

rigor: rigidness of organ

rigor mortis: temporary rigidity of muscles immediately following death.

Ringer's solution: a solution resembling the blood serum in its salt concentrations, first devised by and named after S. Ringer.

RNA: ribonucleic acid.

rotational diffusion coefficient: Dr given in units of sec-1, is defined as <Θ2> divided by 6τ, where <Θ> is the mean square displacement in time τ.166 p 929

rotational entropy: the entropy possessed by a substance due to the rotatory movements of its molecules.

Royal Institution: the first research institution founded in 1799 by Count von Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson) who was born in Massachusetts and a scientist as well as statesman. Married for four years to Antoine Lavoisier's widow, Marie Lavoisier. The Royal Institution was made famous by Michael Faraday. Despite its name, it was not financially supported by the Royalty.

Ruhland's ultrafilter theory: a theory of cell membrane offered by W. Ruhland in the first decade of the 20th century In this theory, the cell membrane acts like a sieve with pores of small size. Ruhland believed that the speed of entry of various substances should vary with the solute's molecular volume. (See also the size rule.)

Разделы книги
"Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology":

Contents (PDF 218 Kb)
Preface (
PDF 155 Kb)
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!) (
PDF 120 Kb)
Introduction

1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology
3. How the Membrane Theory Began
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist
7. Legacy of the Nearly Forgotten Pioneers
8. Aftermath of the Rout
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents
16. Summary Plus
17. Epilogue 

A Super-Glossary

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures, Tables and Equations
References (
PDF 193 Kb)
Subject Index
About the Author

A Super-Glossary
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